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Miller’s Church History
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Miller's Church History
1.
Introduction: Chapter 0
•
Preface
•
Introduction
•
Seven Churches of Asia, The
2.
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
•
Rock Foundation, The
•
Christ the Only Builder of His Church
•
Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, The
•
Opening of the Kingdom of Heaven, The
•
Parable of the Tares, The
•
Divine Principle of Church Government, The
•
This Principle of Church Government Still Applicable
•
Principle of Reception at the Beginning, The
3.
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
•
Day of Pentecost Fully Come, The
•
Resurrection and Ascension of Christ, The
•
Descent of the Holy Ghost, The
•
Peter's First Appeal to the Jews
•
Calling In of the Gentiles, The
•
Sealing of the Gentiles, The
•
First Christian Martyr, The
4.
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
•
Disciples Persecuted and Scattered, The
•
Triumphs of the Gospel in Samaria, The
•
Jerusalem and Samaria United by the Gospel
•
Ethiopian Eunuch Receives the Gospel, The
•
Conversion of Saul of Tarsus, The
•
Apostleship of Paul, The
5.
Apostles and Early Pioneers, The: Chapter 4
•
Missionaries of the Cross, The
•
Twelve Apostles, The
•
Herodian Line of Kings, The
•
Peter at Antioch
6.
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
•
Apostle Paul, The
•
Before His Conversion
•
Saul's First Visit to Jerusalem - About A.D. 39
•
Saul's Second Visit to Jerusalem - About A.D. 44
•
Saul's First Missionary Journey - About A.D. 48
•
Paul's Third Visit to Jerusalem - About A.D. 50
•
Paul's Second Missionary Journey - About A.D. 51
•
Paul Carries the Gospel Into Europe
•
Effect of Paul's Preaching at Philippi, The
•
Paul's Visit to Athens
•
Paul's Visit to Corinth
•
Paul's Passing Visit to Ephesus
•
Paul's Fourth Visit to Jerusalem
•
Return of Paul to Antioch, The
7.
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
•
A.D. 54
•
Tumult at Ephesus, The
•
Paul's Departure From Ephesus for Macedonia
•
Paul Leaves Corinth
•
Paul at Miletus
•
Paul's Fifth Visit to Jerusalem - A.D. 58
•
End of Paul's Free Labors, The
•
Paul in the Temple
•
Paul's Speech on the Stairs of the Castle
•
Paul Before the Sanhedrim
•
Paul Appears Before Felix
•
Paul Appears Before Festus and Agrippa
•
Paul Appears Before Agrippa and Bernice
•
Paul's Voyage to Rome - A.D. 60
•
Storm in the Sea of Adria, The
•
Shipwreck, The
•
Paul at Melita, Now Malta
•
Paul's Arrival at Rome
•
Book of Acts Transitional, The
•
Paul's Occupation During His Imprisonment
•
More …
8.
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
•
Burning of Rome, The
•
First Persecution Under the Emperors, The
•
Downfall of Jerusalem - A.D. 70, The
•
Cruel Reign of Domitian, The
•
Short but Peaceful Reign of Nerva, The
•
Condition of Christians During the Reign of Trajan - A.D. 98-117, The
•
C. Pliny to Trajan Emperor
•
Trajan to Pliny
•
Real Cause of Persecution, The
•
Ostensible Causes of Persecution, The
•
Rapid Progress of Christianity, The
•
Martyrdom of Ignatius, The
•
Writings of the Fathers and Scripture, The
•
Reigns of Hadrian and the Antoines - From A.D. 117 to 180, The
•
Close of the First Period and the Opening of the Second, The
•
Address to the Church of Ephesus, The
•
Address to the Church at Smyrna, The
•
Second Period of the Church's History Commenced About A.D. 167, The
•
Persecution in Asia - A.D. 167, The
•
Martyrdom of Justin, Surnamed Martyr, The
•
More …
9.
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
•
Internal History of the Church, The
•
Immediate Followers of the Apostles, The
•
Apostolical Fathers, The
•
Clericalism, Ministry, and Individual Responsibility
•
Effect of the New Order of Clergy, The
•
Origin of the Distinction Between Clergy and Laity, The
•
What Was a Bishop in Early Times?
•
Origin of Dioceses, The
•
Origin of the Metropolitan Bishop, The
10.
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
•
A.D. 180-313
•
Christianity Under the Reign of Severus - A.D. 194-210
•
Persecutions Under Severus - A.D. 202
•
Persecution in Africa, The
•
Perpetua and Her Companions
•
Altered Position of Christianity, The
•
First Public Buildings for Christian Assemblies, The
•
Lord's Dealings With the Clergy, The
•
General Persecution Under Decius, The
•
Effects of Worldliness in the Church, The
•
Power of Faith and Christian Devotedness, The
•
Martyrdom of Cyprian Under Valerian, The
•
General State of Christianity, The
•
Survey of the Condition of the Church - A.D. 303, A
•
Acts of Diocletian and the Close of the Smyrnean Period, The
•
First Edict, The
•
Second Edict, The
•
Third Edict, The
•
Fourth Edict, The
•
Hand of the Lord in Judgment, The
11.
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
•
Constantine the Great
•
Pergamos Period - A.D. 313-606, The
•
Conversion of Constantine - A.D. 312, The
•
Banner of the Cross, The
•
Edict of Constantine and Licinius - A.D. 313, The
•
Religious History of Constantine, The
•
Church as Constantine Found Her, The
•
Union of the Church and State, The
•
Constantine as Head of the Church and High Priest of the Heathen
•
Effects of Royal Favor, The
•
Witness of History, The
•
True Character of the Church Disappears, The
•
Baptism and Death of Constantine, The
•
Donatistic and Arian Controversies, The
•
Constantine as Arbiter of Ecclesiastical Differences
•
Reflections on the First Great Schism in the Church
•
Arian Controversy, The
•
Beginning of Arianism, The
•
Constantine's First Impression of the Controversy
12.
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
•
Council of Nice, The
•
Nicene Creed, The
•
Constantine Changes His Mind
•
Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria
•
Athanasius Contests the Authority of Constantine
•
Council of Tyre, The
•
Death of Arius, The
•
Reflections on the Great Events in Constantine's Reign
•
Sons of Constantine - A.D. 337-361, The
•
History of Athanasius, The
•
Councils of Arles and Milan, The
•
Death and Successors of Constantius, The
•
What Service Did Athanasius Render to the Church?
•
Christianity Under the Reign of Gratian
•
Theodosius, Surnamed the Great
•
Barbaric Invaders, The
•
Religious History of Theodosius, The
•
Failings and Virtues of Theodosius, The
•
Sin and Repentance of Theodosius, The
•
Reflections on the Discipline of Ambrose, and the Penance of Theodosius
13.
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
•
Internal History of the Church, The
•
Ecclesiastical Variations of Baptism
•
Reflections on the History of Infant Baptism
•
What Is the teaching of John 3:5?
•
Modern Paedobaptists
•
Origin of Infant Communion, The
•
Position and Character of the Clergy, The
•
Origin and Growth of Monasticism, The
•
Virtues and Failures of Antony, The
•
First Society of Ascetics, The
•
Monasteries and the Roman Pontiff, The
•
Origin of Female Recluses, The
•
Ceremony of Taking the Vow, The
•
Reflections on the Principles of Asceticism
•
Arcadius and Honorius - A.D. 395
•
Reflections on the Calamities of Rome
•
Conversion of the Barbarians, The
•
Conversion of Clovis, The
•
Rites and Ceremonies
•
Degenerating Influence of Ritualism, The
•
More …
14.
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
•
Epistle to the Church in Thyatira, The
•
Commencement of the Papal Period, The
•
Advantages of Rome, The
•
Leo the First, Surnamed the Great
•
Emperor Justinian, The
•
Gregory the First, Surnamed the Great - A.D. 590
•
Fervent Charity of Gregory, The
•
Ecclesiastical and Temporal Position of Gregory, The
•
Missionary Zeal of Gregory, The
•
First Planting of the Cross in Britain, The
•
Ancient British Church, The
•
Arrival of the Saxons in England, The
•
Mission of Augustine to England, The
•
Romish Hierarchy Formed in England
•
Reflections on the Mission of Augustine and the Character of Gregory
•
Superstition and Idolatry of Gregory, The
15.
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
•
Spread of Christianity Over Europe, The
•
First Preachers of Christianity in Ireland, The
•
Missionary Zeal of Ireland, The
•
Mission of Columba, The
•
Characteristics of a Monk Superior, The
•
First Preachers of Christianity in Scotland, The
•
Iona Missionaries, The
•
Clerical Tonsure, The
•
Who Were the Culdees?
•
Spread of Christianity in Germany and Parts Adjacent, The
•
Great Papal Scheme of Aggrandizement, The
•
Transitional Period of the Papacy, The
•
One Grand Object of the Papacy, The
•
Pepin and Charlemagne - A.D. 741-814
•
Zachary's Sanction of Pepin's Plot
•
Temporal Sovereignty of the Papacy Established, The
•
Foreshadowing of the Man of Sin, The
•
Territorial Donation of Charlemagne, The
16.
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
•
Mahomet, the False Prophet of Arabia
•
Family and Youth of Mahomet, The
•
Religion of Islam, The
•
Mahomet's Triumphant Entry Into Medina
•
Mecca the Capital of Islam
•
Successors of Mahomet, The
•
Reflections on Mahometanism and Romanism
•
Monothelites, Iconoclasm
•
First Visible Object of Christian Veneration, The
•
Leo Attempts the Abolition of Image Worship - About A.D. 726
•
Second Edict Published, The
•
Pope Rejects the Edicts of Leo, The
•
Lying Spirit in the Mouth of Popery, A
•
Close of Iconoclasm
•
Second Council of Nicaea, The
•
Helena and Irene
17.
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
•
Silver Line of Sovereign Grace, The
•
Nestorians and the Paulicians, The
•
Origin of the Paulicians - A.D. 653, The
•
Silvanus at Cibossa
•
Another Jezebel in Power - A.D. 842
•
Rome's Admiration of Theodora's Conduct
•
Paulicians Rebel Against the Government, The
•
Paulicians in Europe, The
•
Religious Wars of Charlemagne - From About 771-814, The
•
Hadrian Sends for Charlemagne
•
Sovereignty of the Roman Pontiffs - A.D. 775, The
•
Great Epoch in the Annals of Popery, The
•
Sword of Charlemagne or Baptism, The
•
Evil Influence of the Pope's Missionaries, The
•
Feudal Hierarchical System, The
•
Reflections on the Lord's Care for His Own
•
Papal Forgery, The
•
Ignorance and Credulity of the Times, The
•
Foundations and Edifice of Popery, The
•
Mosheim's Summary
18.
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
•
Propagation of Christianity, The
•
Revival of Education, The
•
Louis the Pious
•
Conversion of the Northern Nations, The
•
Sclavonians Receive the Gospel, The
•
Flowing Stream of Life, The
•
England, Scotland, and Ireland
•
Northmen, The
•
Supposed End of the World, The
•
Year of Terror, The
19.
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
•
Church-Building Spirit Revived, The
•
Revival of Literature, The
•
Revival of Letters by the Arabs, The
•
Learning of the Arabs Imported Into Christendom, The
•
Traces of the Silver Line of God's Grace
•
Reflections on the Missionary Spirit of Rome
20.
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
•
Pontificate of Gregory VII, The
•
Extremes of Character
•
Gregory and Clerical Independence
•
Dictates of Gregory, The
•
Gregory and Reform
•
Celibacy and Simony
•
Simoniacal Heresy, The
•
Rise and Progress of Simony, The
•
Gregory and Investitures - A.D. 1075
•
Gregory and Henry IV
•
Emperor Deposed by the Pope, The
•
Great Civil War, A
•
Henry Sets Out for Italy
•
Henry at Canosa
•
Penance of the King, The
•
Effects of Papal Policy, The
•
Henry and Berth Crowned - A.D. 1084
•
Robert Guiscard Enters Rome - A.D. 1084
•
Burning of Ancient Rome, The
•
Death of Gregory - A.D. 1085, The
•
More …
21.
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
•
Crusades, The
•
Sacred Places, The
•
Peter the Hermit
•
Pope Urban and the Crusades
•
First Crusade - A.D. 1096, The
•
Second Division of the First Crusade, The
•
Siege of Nicaea, The
•
Siege of Antioch, The
•
Siege of Jerusalem - A.D. 1099, The
•
Jerusalem in the Hands of the Christians
•
Second Crusade - A.D. 1147, The
•
Third Crusade - A.D. 1189, The
•
Remainder of the Crusades - A.D. 1195-1270, The
•
Children's Crusade - A.D. 1213, The
•
Reflections on the Crusades
•
Knights Templars and Hospitallers, The
22.
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
•
Henry V and Gregory's Successors
•
Donation of Matilda, The
•
Concordat of Worms, The
•
St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux
•
St. Bernard and Monasticism
•
Cistercian Monasteries, The
•
Bernard's Profession
•
Bernard Leaves Citeaux
•
Power of Bernard's Preaching, The
•
Degeneracy of the Monastic Rule, The
•
Bernard Leaves Clairvaux - A.D. 1130
•
Great Council of the Lateran - A.D. 1139, The
•
Bernard and Abelard
•
Dawn of Light in the Dark Ages, The
•
Arnold of Brescia
•
Arnold's Preaching
•
Martyrdom of Arnold - A.D. 1155, The
•
Meeting Between Adrian and Frederick, The
23.
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
•
Encroachments of Rome in England, The
•
English Law and Custom, The
•
Introduction of Canon Law Into England, The
•
Thomas A. Becket and Henry II
•
Thomas A Becket as Chancellor - A.D. 1158
•
Thomas A Becket Archbishop of Canterbury - A.D. 1162
•
Constitutions of Clarendon, The
•
Thomas A Becket Opposes the King
•
Perplexity of the King, The
•
Thomas A Becket Assassinated - A.D. 1171
•
Humiliation of Henry II, The
•
Penance of Henry at the Tomb of Becket - A.D. 1174, The
•
Reflections on the Close of the Great Struggle
24.
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
•
Theology of the Church of Rome, The
•
Seven Sacraments, The
•
Transubstantiation
•
Mary-Worship
•
Saint-Worship
•
Relic-Worship
•
Purgatory
•
Region of Purgatory, The
•
Uses Made of Purgatory, The
•
Extreme Unction
•
Auricular Confession
•
Origin of the Confessional, The
•
Indulgences
•
History of Indulgences
25.
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
•
Innocent III and His Times
•
Babylon of Revelation 17, The
•
Innocent and the Kings of the Earth
•
Innocent's Views of the Popedom
•
Innocent and the City of Rome
•
Innocent and the Kingdom of Sicily
•
Innocent and the States of the Church
•
Innocent and the Empire
•
Philip and Otho
•
Civil War in Germany, The
•
Death of Philip, The
•
Apostasy of Otho, The
•
Fall of Otho, The
•
Innocent and Philip Augustus
•
Pope's Legate in France, The
•
Rage of the King, The
•
Innocent and England
•
John and the Papacy
•
England Under the Ban
•
Crown of England Offered to France, The
•
More …
26.
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
•
Innocent and the South of France
•
Chain of Witnesses, The
•
Petrobrussians
•
Henricians
•
Vaudois, Albigenses, Waldenses
•
Peter Waldo
•
Dispersion of Waldo's Followers, The
•
Region of Albi, The
•
Innocent and the Albigensian Persecution
•
Raymond a Spiritual Outlaw
•
Home Crusade, The
•
Slaughter and Burning of Beziers, The
•
Siege of Carcassonne, The
•
Ruin of Raymond Determined, The
•
Real Object of the Catholics, The
•
War Changes Its Character, The
•
Barbarities of Simon and Arnold, The
•
Siege of Toulouse, The
•
Pope Temporizes - The Battle of Muret, The
•
Conquerors Quarrel Among Themselves, The
•
More …
27.
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
•
Inquisition Established in Languedoc, The
•
Statutes of the Council of Toulouse, The
•
History of the Inquisition, The
•
Internal Proceedings of the Inquisition, The
•
Application of Torture, The
•
Auto De Fe, The
•
Ancient and Modern Monks
•
St. Benedict
•
Rule of St. Benedict, The
•
Benedictines, The
•
New Orders - St. Dominic and St. Francis, The
•
Missionary Zeal of Benedictines, The
•
Origin and Character of the Dominicans, The
•
Origin and Character of the Franciscans, The
•
Earlier and Later Monastic Orders, The
•
Apostasy of the Mendicants, The
28.
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
•
Approaching Dawn of the Reformation, The
•
Christianity in Ireland
•
Christianity in Scotland
•
Wealth of the Abbeys in Scotland, The
•
Effects of Wealth on the Clergy, The
•
Popery as a System
•
Spread of Christianity, The
•
Reflections on the History of Popery
29.
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
•
Decline of Papal Power, The
•
Conquest and Loss of Damietta, The
•
Gregory IX and Frederick II
•
Frederick Disregards the Papal Excommunication
•
Overruling Hand of God, The
•
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair - A.D. 1295 to 1303
•
Humiliation of the Pontiff, The
•
Reflections on the Death of Boniface
•
Popes of Avignon, The
30.
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
•
Forerunners of the Reformation, The
•
First Great Schools of Learning, The
•
Real Worthies of Ecclesiastical History, The
•
Literary Men
•
Theologians, The
•
Reflections on the Schoolmen
•
Waldenses, The
•
Waldensian Persecutions
•
Waldensian Missionaries
•
Dark Year of 1560, The
31.
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
•
John Wycliffe
•
England and the Papacy
•
Wycliffe and the Friars
•
Wycliffe and the Government
•
Wycliffe at Avignon
•
Wycliffe a Heresiarch
•
Wycliffe and the Papal Bulls
•
Wycliffe and the Bible
•
Partial Translations
•
Reflections on the Life of Wycliffe
•
Lollards, The
•
Statute for the Burning of Heretics, The
•
Constitutions of Arundel, The
•
Trial of Lord Cobham, The
•
Martyrdom of Lord Cobham, The
32.
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
•
Reformation Movement in Bohemia, The
•
Council of Pisa, The
•
Council of Constance, The
•
Spread of the Truth, The
•
Civil Commotions
•
Imprisonment of John Huss, The
•
Examination of John Huss, The
•
Council Embarrassed, The
•
Judgment of Sigismund, The
•
Condemnation of Huss, The
•
Degradation and Execution of John Huss, The
•
Arrest and Imprisonment of Jerome, The
•
Execution ofJerome, The
•
Reflections on the Character of the Council
•
Bohemian Way, The
•
Victories of the Taborites, The
•
Total Defeat of the Papal Army, The
•
Internal Divisions
•
United Brethren, The
•
Connection of the Witnesses, The
33.
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
•
Printed Word of God, The
•
Invention of Printing and Improvement of Paper
•
First Printed Bible, The
•
Rome's Opposition to the Bible
•
Immediate Precursors of Luther, The
•
Reflections on the Life of Savonarola
34.
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
•
Reformation in Germany, The
•
Popery and Mankind
•
State of the Church at the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, The
•
First Period of Luther's Life, The
•
Second Period of Luther's Life, The
•
Luther and the Pious Ursula
•
Luther Enters the University at Erfurt
•
Luther's First Sight of a Bible
•
How to Study the Bible
•
Luther Becomes a Monk
•
Luther's Experience as a Monk
•
Luther's Conversion
•
Luther and Staupitz
•
Reflections on the Conversion of Luther
•
Luther a Priest and a Professor
•
Luther Visits Rome
35.
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
•
First Papal Jubilee, The
•
Golden Year, The
•
Sale of Indulgences, The
•
Pope's Agents - John Tetzel, The
•
Specimen of Tetzel's Preaching, A
•
Luther's Public Appeal - A.D. 1517
•
Luther at Heidelberg
•
Luther at Augsburg
•
Luther at Altenburg
•
Distinguished Men of the Sixteenth Century
•
Luther and the Bull of Excommunication
•
Luther and Charles the Fifth
•
Diet of Worms - January Till May A.D. 1521, The
•
Luther's Summons and Safe-Conduct
•
Luther Appears Before the Assembly
•
Luther's Prayer
•
Luther's Second Appearance
•
Reflections on teh Appearance of Luther at Worms
36.
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
•
Luther at Wartburg
•
Reflections on Luther's Captivity
•
Luther Returns to Wittemberg
•
Luther and the German Bible
•
General Progress of the Reformation, The
•
Reformation and Henry the Eighth, The
•
Lutheran Churches
•
Hundred Grievances, The
•
Events Adverse to the Reformation
•
Anabaptists, The
•
Sacramentarian Question, The
•
Political Chiefs of the Reformation
•
First Diet of Spires, The
•
Second Diet of Spires, The
•
Protest, The
37.
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
•
Protestantism
•
Epistle to the Church in Sardis, The
•
Lutheran Churches - A.D. 1526-1529, The
•
First Planting of the Lutheran Churches, The
•
Death of Frederick, The
•
Appeal of the Princes, The
•
Meetings of the Protestants
38.
Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.), The: Chapter 37
•
Sacramentarian Controversy, The
•
Zwingle's Early Views
•
Carlstadt, Luther, and Zwingle
•
Summons to Marburg
•
Conference at Marburg, The
•
Proposal for Toleration and Unity, A
•
Reflections on the Conference at Marburg
39.
Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.), The: Chapter 38
•
Council of Bologna, The
•
Diet of Augsburg, The
•
Confession of Augsburg, The
•
Arrival of Charles at Augsburg, The
•
Chiefs of the Augsburg Diet, The
•
Opening of the Diet of Augsburg, The
•
Aricles of Faith, The
•
Articles Concerning Abuses, The
•
Perplexities of the Protestants, The
•
Sorrows and Fears of Melancthon, The
•
Letters of Melancthon and Luther, The
40.
Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.), The: Chapter 39
•
Popish Refutation, The
•
Copy of the Refutation Refused, A
•
Private Negotiations
•
Termination of the Diet, The
•
Final Decree, The
•
Reflections on the Diet of Augsburg
•
Providence of God in the Affairs of Charles, The
•
League of Smalcald, The
•
Second Meeting at Smalcald, The
•
Charles Seeks to Conciliate the Protestants
•
Peace of Ratisbon, The
•
Opinions of Historians, The
41.
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
•
Reformation in Switzerland, The
•
Birth and Education of Zwingle, The
•
Zwingle, Pastor of Glaris
•
Zwingle at Einsidlen
•
Zwingle and Reform at Einsidlen
•
Effect of Zwingle's Preaching, The
•
Zwingle Removes to Zurich
•
Zwingle and the Gospel
•
Zwingle and the Sale of Indulgences
•
Rising Storm, The
42.
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
•
Leaders of the Reformation in Switzerland, The
•
Reflections on the Dawning of the Swiss Reformation
•
Progress of the Reformation - Zurich A.D. 1522
•
Monks Conspire Against Zwingle, The
•
Publications of Zwingle, The
•
Zwingle and His Brothers
•
Disputations at Zurich, The
•
Theses of Zwingle, The
•
Meeting at Zurich, The
•
Effects of the Decree, The
•
Zeal of Zwingle and Leo Juda, The
•
Second Disputation at Zurich, The
•
Word of God Prevails, The
•
Reflections on the Character of the Conference
43.
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
•
Results of the Disputations, The
•
First Martyr of the Swiss Reformation, The
•
Blood of Hottinger Inflames the Zeal of the Papists, The
•
Answer of Zurich to Lucerne, The
•
Downfall of the Images, The
•
Swiss and German Reformation, The
•
Marriage of Zwingle, The
•
Progress of Reform, The
•
Weapons of Rome's Warfare, The
•
Illegal Arrest of Oexlin, The
•
Wriths Falsely Accused, The
•
Assembly of Baden, The
•
Wriths and Ruteman Falsely Condemned, The
•
Martyrdom of the Wriths and Ruteman, The
44.
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
•
General Progress of Reform, The
•
Abolition of the Mass, The
•
Celebration of the Lord's Supper, The
•
Reformation in Berne, The
•
Nuns of Konigsfeldt, The
•
Conference at Baden, The
•
Opening of the Diet, The
•
Great Conference at Berne, The
•
Opposition of Rome, The
•
Opening of the Conference, The
•
Regulations of the Conference, The
•
Results of the Conference, The
•
Mercy of the Gospel, The
•
Reformation of Basle, The
•
People in Advance of the Government, The
•
Basle in a State of Siege
•
Idols Destroyed, The
•
Results of the Revolution, The
•
Sacramental Dispute, The
45.
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
•
Extension of Reform in Switzerland, The
•
Mingling of Spiritual and Political Affairs, The
•
First False Step - A Confederacy, The
•
Five Cantons Form a League With Austria, The
•
Romish Cantons Persecute the Reformed, The
•
War Declared
•
Military Preparations
•
Treaty of Cappel, The
•
Zwingle's Christian Confederation
•
Five Cantons Violate the Treaty, The
•
Flames of Persecution Rekindled, The
•
Blockade, The
•
Zwingle's Policy
•
Mediators Renew Their Exertions, The
•
Position of Zurich and the Reformation, The
•
War Declared Against Zurich
•
Infatuation of the Council of Zurich, The
•
Evil Forebodings of the People, The
•
Battle of Cappel, The
•
Death of Zwingle, The
•
More …
46.
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
•
Reformation in Germany, The
•
Brief Survey, A
•
Great Increase, A
•
Great Actors Passing Off the Scene, The
•
Latter End of Luther, The
•
Death of Luther, The
•
Funeral of Luther, The
•
Reflections on the Life of Luther
•
Lord's Care of His Servant, The
•
Domestic and Inner Life of Luther, The
•
Luther's Marriage
•
Marriage Feast, The
•
Married Life of Luther, The
•
Conclusion
47.
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
•
Opening of the Council of Trent, The
•
Treaty Between the Pope and the Emperor, The
•
Smalcald War, The
•
Pope Reveals the Dark Secret, The
•
Army of the Confederates, The
•
First Operations of the Protestants, The
•
Treachery of Maurice, The
•
Dissolution of the League, The
•
Germans Treated as a Conquered People, The
48.
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
•
Interim, The
•
New Creed, The
•
Interim Opposed by Protestants and Papists, The
•
Melancthon's Submission
•
Opposition of the Free Cities, The
•
New Turn in the Tide of Events, A
•
Revolution in Germany - A.D. 1552, The
•
Emperor's Flight, The
•
Peace of Passau, The
•
Reflections on the Foregoing Pages
•
Calamities of the Protestants, The
•
Rise of the Jesuits, The
•
Ignatius Loyola
•
Commencement of the Order of Jesuits
•
Jesuits' Real Object, The
49.
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
•
Effect of Reformation in Germany on the Nations of Europe, The
•
Sweden and Denmark A.D. 1520-1530
•
Italy
•
Writings of Luther, The
•
Persecution of the Christians, The
•
Italian Exiles
•
Spain
•
Introduction of the Reformed Doctrines Into Spain, The
•
Reflections on the Policy of Spain
•
Netherlands, The
•
Policy of Charles, The
•
Truth Previals in Spite of the Flames, The
•
Association of the Nobles, The
•
Duke of Alva, The
•
Administration of Alva, The
•
Real Character of Popery, The
•
Suppression of the Reformation in Spain, The
•
Triumph of Truth and Righteousness, The
•
Reflections on Bigotry and Christianity
50.
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
•
Reformation in French Switzerland, The
•
Early History of William Farel, The
•
Farel's Preaching in Switzerland
•
Farel Reaches Geneva
•
Farel's First Preaching in Geneva
•
Farel Returns to Geneva
•
Public Disputation, A
•
How the Monks Deceived the People
•
Reformation Established at Lausanne, The
•
Arrival of Calvin in Geneva, The
•
Early History of Calvin, The
•
Calvin's Conversion
•
Calvin a Student of Law
•
Calvin Gives Up the Study of Civil Law
•
Institutes Published, The
•
Calvin and Farel Banished From Geneva
•
Calvin at Strasburg - His Work and Marriage
•
Calvin's Return to Geneva
•
Calvin and Servetus
•
Character and Execution of Servetus, The
•
More …
51.
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
•
Reformation in France, The
•
Firstfruits of the Reformation
•
Conversion of Margaret, The
•
Reformation of Brissonnet, The
•
Bible in French at Meaux, The
•
Blessed Effects of the Word of God, The
•
Commencement of Persecution in France
•
Brissonnet Accused of Heresy
•
First Martyrs of France, The
•
Martyrdom of Leclerc, The
•
Reflections on the Fall of Brissonnet
•
Conversion and Faith of Louis Berquin, The
•
Sentence of the Sorbonne, and the Martyrdom of Berquin, The
•
Rapid Spread of the Reform Doctrines, The
•
Year of the Placards, The
•
Executions, The
•
Procession and Martyrdoms, The
•
Retributive Justice
52.
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
•
Great Progress of the Reformation, The
•
Henry II
•
Martyrdom of Du Borg, The
•
First Planting of the Reformed Church in France, The
•
Francis II
•
Saint Bartholomew Massacre, The
•
King's Snare to Entrap the Huguenots, The
•
King's Consummate Duplicity, The
•
Saint Bartholomew's Eve
•
Number of Victims, The
•
End of the Leading Actors in the Massacre, The
•
Council of Trent, The
•
Pope Pius's Creed
53.
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
•
Waldenses, The
•
Wars of Extermination, The
•
Treachery of Pianessa, The
•
Faith and Heroism of Gianavello, The
•
Massacre, The
•
Sympathy of England, The
•
Peace of 1655, The
•
Persecution and Expulsion of the Waldenses, The
•
Arrival of the Exiles at Geneva, The
•
Embarkation of the Exiles, The
54.
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
•
Reformation in the British Isles, The
•
Henry VIII and the Irish Church
•
Henry, King of Ireland
•
Irish Presbyterian Church
•
Scotland
•
Progress of the Reformation, The
•
First Martyrs of the Scottish Reformation
•
Martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton, The
•
Many of the Clergy and Nobles Embrace the Reformation
•
Fiery Zeal of Cardinal Beaton, The
•
Cardinal Beaton's Proscription-Roll
•
Perplexity and Death of the King, The
•
Bible Restored to the Nation, The
•
George Wishart
•
Plague in Dundee, The
•
Apprehension and Martyrdom of Wishart, The
•
Death of Cardinal Beaton, The
•
Results of Cardinal Beaton's Death, The
•
John Knox
•
Knox's Call to the Ministry
•
More …
55.
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
•
Reformation in England, The
•
Martyrdom of John Brown, The
•
Henry VIII
•
Thomas Wolsey
•
Reformation Begun, The
•
Works of Luther Reach England, The
•
Henry and Luther
•
Royal Marriages, The
•
Persecution Begins, The
•
Suppression of Monasteries, The
•
Six Articles, The
•
True Source of the Reformation, The
•
Reign of Edward VI, The
•
Reign of Mary, The
•
Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer
•
Martyrdom of Cranmer
56.
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
•
Reign of Elizabeth, The
•
Puritans, The
•
Charles II and James II
•
Revolution of 1688, The
•
Protestant Succession, The
•
Ebenezer Erskine
•
John Wesley
•
George Whitefield
•
Revival at Cambuslang
•
Sunday Schools
•
Foreign Missions
57.
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
•
Philadelphia
•
Laodicea
•
Prophetic Truth
•
Church Truth
•
Brethren, The
•
Brethren's First Pamphlet, The
•
Brethren's First Public Room, The
•
Spread of the Truth, The
•
Origin of the Title - Plymouth Brethren, The
•
False Doctrine Detected
•
Division, The
•
Free Church of Scotland, The
•
Disruption, The
•
Awakening in 1859, The
•
Origin of Noon-Day Prayer Meetings, The
•
North of Ireland, The
•
Week of Prayer, The
•
Conclusion
1.
Bible Handbook
2.
Concise Bible Dictionary
3.
Miller's Church History
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Introduction: Chapter 0
Andrew Miller
As all we know of history comes to us through books, I have examined, with some care, the authors which are most esteemed in this country and considered the most reliable. And although there is frequent reference to volume and page, this by no means indicates all that has been
Article #57845
Book #
16027
Introduction: Chapter 0
Andrew Miller
Many of our readers, we know, have neither the time nor the opportunity for reading the voluminous works that have been written from time to time on the history of the church. Still, that which has been the dwelling-place of God for the last eighteen hundred years, must be a
Article #57846
Book #
16027
Introduction: Chapter 0
Andrew Miller
These seven Epistles, so far, will guide our future studies. We believe they are not only
historical,
but also
prophetical.
Doubtless they are strictly historical, and this fact must be allowed its full weight in studying their prophetic character. Seven churches actually existed in the seven cities here
Article #57847
Book #
16027
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
In commencing the study of any subject, it is well to know its beginnings—the original intention or plan, and the first step in its history. These we have in the clearest, fullest way, as to the church, in holy scripture. There we have not only the original intention, but the
Article #57848
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
But Christ is also the Builder of His church. The building against which no craft or power of the enemy can ever prevail is Christ's own work, though we read of other builders. "Upon this Rock I will build My church." It is well to be clear on this point,
Article #57849
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
This leads to the "great house"—already referred to—of outward profession. At the same time we must bear in mind, that though intimately connected, the kingdom of heaven and the great house are quite distinct. In title the world belongs to the King. "The field is the world." His servants are
Article #57850
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
The administration of the kingdom the Lord, in an especial manner, committed to Peter, as we see in the early chapters of the Acts. The term is taken from the Old Testament. (See Dan. 2 & 7.) In chapter 2 we have the kingdom; in chapter 7 we have the
Article #57851
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
"Matt. 13:24, 25. 'Another parable put He forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: but while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way'—exactly what is become of the profession
Article #57852
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
Not only did the Lord give the keys to Peter that he might open the doors of the new dispensation, but He entrusted to him its internal administration. This principle is all-important in its bearing on the church of God. The words of the commission are these, "And whatsoever thou
Article #57853
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
But "how can these principles be carried out now?" is still the question and difficulty with many. Well, we must just go back to the word of God. We ought to be able and willing to say, "We can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth." (2 Cor.
Article #57854
Book #
16028
Foundation Truths: Chapter 1
Andrew Miller
But as this principle is the proper basis of all christian congregations, it may be well to look for a moment at its operation in the days of the apostles. Surely they understood its meaning and how to apply it.
Article #57855
Book #
16028
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
The Jewish feast of Pentecost may be called the birthday of the Christian church. It was also the anniversary of the giving of the law on Mount Sinai, though it does not appear that a day was observed by the Jews in commemoration of the event. Fifty days after our
Article #57856
Book #
16029
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
Incarnation, Crucifixion, Resurrection, are the great facts, or foundation truths, of the church—of Christianity. Incarnation was necessary to crucifixion, and both to resurrection. It is blessedly true that Christ died on the cross for our sins; but it is equally true, that the believer died in His death. (See Rom.
Article #57857
Book #
16029
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
The time was now fully come. Redemption was finished -God was glorified—Christ at His right hand in heaven, and the Holy Ghost come down to earth. God inaugurates the church; and this He does in a way suitable to His own wisdom, power and glory. A mighty miracle is wrought,
Article #57858
Book #
16029
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
Thus we read: "And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of
every
nation under heaven. Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language. And they were all amazed and marveled,
Article #57859
Book #
16029
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
Cornelius, the centurion, a devout man, and those that were with him, are now received into the assembly of God. Peter had intimated their call in his first discourse. He is now summoned of God in a special way and with special indications of His purpose, to open the door
Article #57860
Book #
16029
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
Notice, then, this important fact connected with the bringing in of the Gentiles—they receive the gift of the Holy Ghost simply through the preaching of the word. At Jerusalem the Jews were baptized before they received the Holy Ghost. At Samaria the Samaritans were not only baptized, but had the
Article #57861
Book #
16029
Pentecost to Martyrdom of Stephen: Chapter 2
Andrew Miller
Stephen, the deacon and evangelist, is the first to receive the crown of martyrdom for the name of Jesus. He stands at the head of "the noble army of martyrs." He is perfect as a type—as the proto-martyr. Firm and unwavering in his faith; bold and undaunted before his accusers;
Article #57862
Book #
16029
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
Andrew Miller
After the death of Stephen a great persecution broke out. (Acts 8.) The Jewish leaders appear to have gained a victory over the disciples, and they determined to pursue their apparent triumph with the utmost violence. But God, who is above all, and who knows how to restrain the rising
Article #57863
Book #
16030
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
Andrew Miller
Philip, the deacon, evidently next to Stephen in zeal and energy, goes down to Samaria. The Holy Spirit works with him. In the wisdom of the Lord's ways, despised Samaria is the first place, outside of Judaea, where the Gospel was preached by His chosen witnesses. "Then Philip went down
Article #57864
Book #
16030
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
Andrew Miller
The bitter jealousy that existed between Jews and Samaritans had long been proverbial; hence we read, "The Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans." But now, in connection with the Gospel of peace, this root of bitterness disappears. Nevertheless in the wisdom of God's ways, the Samaritans must wait for
Article #57865
Book #
16030
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
Andrew Miller
Philip is now called to leave his happy and interesting work at Samaria, and go down to Gaza—a wilderness—and preach the gospel there to a single person. Surely there is in this fact a lesson for the evangelist of the deepest importance, and one that must not be passed over
Article #57866
Book #
16030
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
Andrew Miller
No event in the progress of the church so deeply, or so blessedly, affects her after history, as the conversion of Saul of Tarsus. From being the chief of sinners, he became the chief of saints—from being the most violent opposer of Christ, he became the most zealous defender of
Article #57867
Book #
16030
Stephen to Paul's Apostleship: Chapter 3
Andrew Miller
The LAW and the PROPHETS were until JOHN; after John the LORD Himself, in His own Person, offers the kingdom to Israel; but "His own received Him not." They crucified the Prince of life; but God raised Him from the dead, and seated Him at His own right hand in
Article #57868
Book #
16030
The Apostles and Early Pioneers: Chapter 4
Andrew Miller
In place of going over consecutively the remaining chapters of the Acts, we think it may be more interesting and equally instructive to our readers, to consider them in connection with the history of the apostles, especially with the history of the two great apostles. The book of the Acts
Article #57869
Book #
16031
The Apostles and Early Pioneers: Chapter 4
Andrew Miller
were Simon Peter, Andrew, James and John (sons of Zebedee), Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James (the son of Alphaeus), Thaddeus, Simon Zelotes, and Matthias, who was chosen in place of Judas Iscariot. See Matt. 10; Luke 6; Mark 3, and Acts 1.
Article #57870
Book #
16031
The Apostles and Early Pioneers: Chapter 4
Andrew Miller
As it may not be out of place here, or uninteresting to our readers, we would notice for a moment the Herodian
line
of
kings.
They frequently come before us, both in the life of our Lord, and in the early history of the church. We have associated
Article #57871
Book #
16031
The Apostles and Early Pioneers: Chapter 4
Andrew Miller
Soon after this, as we learn from Gal. 2, he paid a visit to Antioch. But notwithstanding the decision of the apostles and church at Jerusalem, a characteristic weakness of Peter's betrays him into an act of dissimulation. It is one thing to settle a question in principle, it is
Article #57872
Book #
16031
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
Having briefly sketched the lives of the twelve apostles, we naturally come to what may be called the
thirteenth—
the Apostle Paul.
Article #57873
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
It is very evident, from the few hints that we have in the sacred narrative of the early life of Paul, that he was formed in a remarkable manner by the whole course of his education for what he was to become, and for what he was to accomplish. This
Article #57874
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
The apostle is now at Jerusalem—the holy city of his fathers—the metropolis of the Jews' religion, and the acknowledged center of Christianity. But how changed his own position since he started on his memorable journey to Damascus!
Article #57875
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
Charged with this service Barnabas and Saul go up to Jerusalem. As yet, Jerusalem is owned as the center of the work, though now rapidly extending to the Gentiles. But union is preserved, and the link with the metropolis is strengthened by means of the collection now sent. Nevertheless a
Article #57876
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
And here, further remark, before setting out with the apostles on their journey, how changed everything is. They start, observe, not from the old center, Jerusalem, but from Antioch, a city of the Gentiles. This is significant. Jerusalem and the twelve have lost position as to outward authority and power.
Article #57877
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
When they arrived at Jerusalem, they found the same thing, not only in the minds of a few restless brethren, but in the very bosom of the church. The source of the trouble was there, not among unbelieving Jews, but among those who professed the name of Jesus. "But there
Article #57878
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
After Paul and Barnabas had spent some time with the church at Antioch, another missionary journey was proposed. "Let us go again," said Paul, "and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the Lord and see how they do. And Barnabas determined to take
Article #57879
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
This marks a distinct epoch in the history of the church -the history of Paul, and the progress of Christianity. Paul and his companions now carry the gospel into Europe. And here we may be forgiven if we rest for a moment and recall the many interesting historical associations of
Article #57880
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
The number of Jews at Philippi appears to have been small, as there was no synagogue in the place. But the apostle, as usual, goes first to them, even when it is only a few women come together by the river side. (Acts 16.) Paul preaches to them, Lydia is
Article #57881
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
The appearance of the apostle in Athens is an event in his history of great importance. It was, in some respects, the capital of the world, and the seat of Grecian culture and philosophy; but it was also the central point of superstition and idolatry.
Article #57882
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
The connection of Corinth with the history, teaching, and writings of our apostle is almost as intimate and important as either Jerusalem or Antioch. It may be considered as his European center. Here God had "much people;" and here Paul "continued a year and six months, teaching the word of
Article #57883
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
The time had now come when Paul thought it right to leave Corinth and revisit Jerusalem. He had a great desire to be at the coming feast. But before his departure, he took a solemn farewell of the young assembly, promising (the Lord willing) to return.
Article #57884
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
We are not supplied with any information by the sacred historian of what occurred in Jerusalem on this occasion. We are merely told that when Paul had "gone up and saluted the church, he went down to Antioch." But his intense desire to pay this visit may assure us of
Article #57885
Book #
16032
Paul's First Two Journeys: Chapter 5
Andrew Miller
After a journey which had extended over the space of three or four years, our apostle returns to Antioch. He had traveled over a wide circuit, and disseminated Christianity in many flourishing and populous cities, and almost entirely by his own exertions. If the reader would keep up his interest
Article #57886
Book #
16032
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Having "spent some time" in Antioch, Paul leaves that Gentile center, and commences another missionary journey. Nothing is said of his companions on this occasion. He "went over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order, strengthening all the disciples;" and also giving directions for the collection on behalf
Article #57887
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
A great and blessed work had now been accomplished by the mighty energy of God's Spirit, through the instrumentality of His chosen servant Paul. The gospel had been planted in the capital of Asia, and it had spread throughout the whole province. The apostle now felt as if his work
Article #57888
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Acts 20. After the cessation of the tumult, the danger being over and the rioters dispersed, Paul sends for the disciples, embraces them, and departs for Macedonia. Two of the Ephesian brethren, Tychicus and Trophimus, seem to have accompanied him, and to have remained faithful to him through all his
Article #57889
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
The apostle's work was now done at Corinth, and he prepares to leave it. His mind was bent upon going to Rome; but there was this mission of charity on his heart, to which he must attend first. We are favored with his own words on these different points. "But
Article #57890
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
The most important stage of this journey is Miletus, though the different places they pass or call at are carefully noted by the sacred historian. Paul, being filled with the Spirit, gives directions for the journey. His companions willingly obey him, not as a master, but as one who directs
Article #57891
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
The apostle and his companions were gladly welcomed on their arrival at Jerusalem. "When we were come to Jerusalem," Luke observes, "the brethren received us gladly." The day following, Paul and his company visited James, at whose house the elders were present. Paul, as chief speaker, declared particularly what things
Article #57892
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
We have now come to the important question, and to the point on which Paul's future history turns. Will he go straight west to Rome, or will he go round by way of Jerusalem? All depends on this. Jerusalem was also on his heart. But if Christ had sent him
Article #57893
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
In accordance with the proposal of James and the elders, Paul now proceeds to the temple with "the four men which had a vow." Thus we read: "Then Paul took the men, and the next day, purifying himself with them, entered into the temple, to signify the accomplishment of the
Article #57894
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
To the chief captain he had spoken in Greek; to the Jews he speaks in Hebrew. These little attentions and considerations are the beautiful blendings of love and wisdom, and ought to serve as a lesson for us. He was always ready to win, by "becoming all things to all
Article #57895
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
On the following day he "commanded the chief priests and all their council to appear, and brought Paul down and set him before them." The policy of Lysias here is interesting. He is active in suppressing the tumult; he protects a Roman citizen; he shows deference to the religion and
Article #57896
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
As some of our readers may have observed, the
character
of God's dealings with His servant somewhat changes here. It may be well to pause for a moment, and reverently inquire into the apparent causes of this change. And, as many have freely given their opinions on this difficult
Article #57897
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Immediately after the arrival of Festus in the province he visited Jerusalem. There the leading Jews seized the opportunity to demand Paul's return. Their plea, doubtless, was that he should be tried again before the Sanhedrim, but their real purpose was to kill him on the way. Festus refused their
Article #57898
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
It happened about this time that Agrippa, king of the Jews, and his sister Bernice, came to pay a complimentary visit to Festus. And as Festus knew not how to state Paul's case to the Emperor, he took the opportunity of consulting Agrippa, who was better informed than himself on
Article #57899
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Acts 27. The time was now come for Paul's journey to Rome. No formal trial of the apostle had yet taken place. And, no doubt, wearied with the unrelenting opposition of the Jews—with two years' imprisonment at Caesarea—with repeated examinations before the governors and Agrippa, he had claimed a trial
Article #57900
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
The Term "Euroclydon" given to this tempestuous wind indicates, we are told, a storm of the utmost violence. It was accompanied by the agitation and whirling motion of the clouds, and by great commotion in the sea, raising it in columns of spray. The sacred historian now proceeds to give
Article #57901
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
The shipwreck was not far distant. "When the fourteenth night was come, as we were driven up and down in Adria, about midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country; and sounded, and found it twenty fathoms: and when they had gone a little further, they sounded
Article #57902
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Acts 28. The inhabitants of the island received the shipwrecked strangers with no small kindness, and immediately lighted a fire to warm them. The sacred historian gives us a living picture of the whole scene. We see the persons described moving in it: the apostle gathering sticks for the fire
Article #57903
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Along the Appian Road most probably, Paul and his company traveled to Rome. On their arrival, "the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard:* but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him." Though he was not released from the constant annoyance
Article #57904
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
But here we must pause and contemplate for a moment our apostle as a prisoner in the imperial city. The gospel had now been preached from Jerusalem to Rome. Great changes had taken place in the dispensational ways of God. The book of the Acts is
transitional
in its
Article #57905
Book #
16033
Paul's Third Journey: Chapter 6
Andrew Miller
Though a prisoner, he was allowed the freest intercourse with his friends, and he was then surrounded by many of his oldest and most faithful companions. From the Epistles we learn that Luke, Timothy, Tychicus, Epaphras, Aristarchus, and others, were with the apostle at this time. Still, we must remember
Article #57906
Book #
16033
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
As our two great apostles Peter and Paul suffered martyrdom during the First imperial persecution, it may be interesting to many of our readers to know something of the particulars which led to this cruel edict.
Article #57915
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
But here we may pause for a moment, and contemplate the progress of Christianity, and the state of the church in Rome at this time. At a very early period, and without the aid of any apostle, Christianity had found its way to Rome. It was no doubt first carried
Article #57916
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
The dispersion of the Jews, and the total destruction of their city and temple, are the next events of consideration in the remainder of the first century, though, strictly speaking, that fearful catastrophe is no part of church history; it belongs to the history of the Jews. But as it
Article #57917
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
Domitian, the younger brother of Titus, ascended the throne in A.D. 81. But he was of a temper totally different from his father and brother.
They
tolerated the Christians, he persecuted them. His character was cowardly, suspicious, and cruel. He raised a persecution against the Christians, because of some
Article #57918
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
On the very day of Domitian's death, Nerva was chosen by the Senate to be Emperor, September 18th, A.D. 96. He was a man of blameless reputation. The character of his reign was most favorable to the peace and prosperity of the church of God. The Christians who had been
Article #57919
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
As the outward history of the church was then affected by the will of one man, it will therefore be necessary to notice, however briefly, the disposition or ruling passion of the reigning prince. Thus it was that the condition of the Christians everywhere depended to a great extent, on
Article #57920
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
"Health.—It is my usual custom, sire, to refer all things, of which I harbor any doubt, to you. For who can better direct my judgment in its hesitation, or instruct my understanding in its ignorance? I never had the fortune to be present at any examination of Christians before I
Article #57921
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
"You have done perfectly right, my dear Pliny, in the inquiry which you have made concerning Christians. For truly no one general rule can be laid down which will apply itself to all cases. These people must not be sought after: if they are brought before you and convicted, let
Article #57922
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
Although different reasons may be given by different persons and governments for persecuting Christians, yet we believe that the real cause is the heart's enmity against Christ and His truth, as seen in the godly lives of His people. Besides, their light makes manifest the darkness around, and exposes and
Article #57923
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
The Romans professed to tolerate all religions, from which the commonwealth had nothing to fear. This was their boasted liberality. Even the Jews were allowed to live according to their own laws. What was it then, we may well ask, that could have caused all their severity to the Christians?
Article #57924
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
Doubtless the causes and the means were divine. They proved themselves to be so. The Spirit of God, who descended in power on the day of Pentecost, and who had taken up His abode in the church and in the individual Christian, is the true source of all success in
Article #57925
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
There is no fact in early church history more sacredly preserved than the martyrdom of Ignatius the bishop of Antioch; and there is no narrative more celebrated than his journey, as a prisoner in chains, from Antioch to Rome.
Article #57926
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
But however worthy of all honor Ignatius may be as a holy man of God, and as a noble martyr for Christ, we must ever remember that his letters are not the word of God. They may interest and instruct us, but they cannot command our faith. This can only
Article #57927
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
Although it would be unjust to class Hadrian and the first Antonine with the systematic persecutors of the church, nevertheless Christians were often exposed to the most violent sufferings and death during their dominion. The cruel custom of ascribing all public calamities to the Christians, and of calling for their
Article #57928
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
The Ephesian condition of the church, looking at it in this light, may be said to have ended with the death of Antoninus Pius, in the year 161; and the Smyrnean condition to have commenced with the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The persecution in Asia broke out with great violence
Article #57929
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
The grand object of the church in this world was to be "the pillar and ground of the truth." It was set up to be a light-bearer for God. It is thus symbolized by a "golden candlestick"—a vessel which bears the light. It ought to have been a true witness
Article #57930
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
Our interest in the history of the church is greatly increased when we see that the Lord has distinctly marked its successive epochs. The outward condition of the church down to the death of the first Antonine—so far as it can be ascertained from the most authentic histories—answers in a
Article #57931
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
The reign of Aurelius is marked, under the providence of God, by many and great public calamities. We see the hand of the Lord in faithful love chastening His own redeemed and beloved people, but His anger was kindled against their enemies. The eastern army, under Verus, returning from the
Article #57932
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
In Asia Minor the persecution broke out with great violence, such as had never been before. Christianity was now treated as a direct crime against the State. This changed the face of everything. Contrary to the rescript of Trajan, and the conduct of still milder emperors, Hadrian and Antonine, the
Article #57933
Book #
16034
Rome and Her Rulers (64 A.D. - 177 A.D.): Chapter 7
Andrew Miller
Justin was born at Neapolis, in Samaria, of Gentile parents. He carefully studied in his youth the different philosophical sects; but not finding the satisfaction which his heart longed for, he was induced to hear the gospel. In it he found, through God's blessing, a perfect rest for his soul,
Article #57934
Book #
16034
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
Here we step once more on sure ground. We have the privilege and satisfaction of appealing to the sacred writings. Before the canon of scripture was closed, many of the errors, both in doctrine and practice, which have since troubled and rent in pieces the professing church, were allowed to
Article #57939
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
Here an important question arises, and one that has been often asked, At what time, and by what means, did
clericalism—
the whole system of clergy—gain so firm a footing in the professing church? To answer this question fully would be to write in detail the internal history of the
Article #57940
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
The Apostolical Fathers, as they are called, such as Clement, Polycarp, Ignatius, and Barnabas, were the immediate followers of the inspired apostles. They had listened to their instructions, labored with them in the gospel, and probably had been familiarly acquainted with them. But, notwithstanding the high privileges which they enjoyed
Article #57941
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
It is assumed that these Epistles were written only a few years after the death of St. John, and that the writer must have been intimately acquainted with his mind, and was only carrying out his views. Hence it is said, that episcopacy is coeval with Christianity. But it matters
Article #57942
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
It may be only fair to suppose that those good men, by whose means a new order of things was brought into the church, and the free ministry of the Holy Spirit in the members of the body excluded, had the welfare of the church at heart. It is evident
Article #57943
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
Christianity at the beginning had no
separate priestly
order. Its
first
converts went everywhere preaching the Lord Jesus. They were the
first
to spread abroad the glad tidings of salvation, even before the apostles themselves had left Jerusalem. (Acts 8:4.) In course of time, when converts were
Article #57944
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
The humblest peasant is familiar with the grandeur and worldly greatness of a bishop; but he may not know how a minister of Christ, and a successor of the humble fishermen of Galilee, came to such dignity. In the days of the apostles, and for more than a hundred years
Article #57945
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
The bishops who lived in cities, were either by their own preaching, or by the preaching of others—presbyters, deacons, or people—the means of gathering new churches in the neighboring towns and villages. These young assemblies, very naturally, continued under the care and protection of the city churches by whose means
Article #57946
Book #
16035
Internal History of the Church (107 A.D. - 245 A.D.): Chapter 8
Andrew Miller
Churches thus constituted and regulated rapidly increased throughout the empire. In the management of their internal affairs every church was essentially distinct from every other, though walking in spiritual fellowship with all others, and considered as part of the one church of God. But, as the number of believers increased,
Article #57947
Book #
16035
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Christianity under the successors of Aurelius enjoyed a season of comparative repose and tranquility. The depravity of Commodus was overruled to subserve the interests of the Christians after their long sufferings under his father; and the brief reign of many of the emperors left them no leisure to war against
Article #57948
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
In the early part of the reign of Severus he was rather favorable to the Christians. A christian slave, named Proculus, was the means of restoring the Emperor to health, by anointing him with oil. This remarkable cure—no doubt in answer to prayer—gave the Christians great favor in the eyes
Article #57949
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
It was not till about the tenth year of his reign that the native ferocity of his dark and relentless mind was manifested against the Christians. In 202, after his return from the East, where he had gained great victories, and no doubt lifted up with pride, he put forth
Article #57950
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Historians say that in no part of the Roman Empire had Christianity taken more deep and permanent root than in the province of Africa. Then it was crowded with rich and populous cities. The African type of Christianity was entirely different from what has been called the Egyptian. The former
Article #57951
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Amongst others who were apprehended and martyred in Africa during this persecution, Perpetua and her companions, in all histories, hold a distinguished place. The history of their martyrdom not only bears throughout the stamp of circumstantial truth, but abounds with the most exquisite touches of natural feeling and affection. Here
Article #57952
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
After the death of Septimius Severus—except during the short reign of Maximin—the church enjoyed a season of comparative peace till the reign of Decius, A.D. 249. But during the favorable reign of Alexander Severus, a considerable change took place in the relation of Christianity to society. He was through life
Article #57953
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
An important point in the history of the church, and one that proves its altered position in the Roman Empire, now comes before us for the first time. It was during the reign of this excellent prince that public buildings were first erected for the assemblies of Christians. A little
Article #57954
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Scarcely had the new churches been built, and the bishops received at court, when the hand of the Lord was turned against them. It happened in this way.
Article #57955
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Decius, in the year 249, conquered Philip and placed himself on the throne. His reign is remarkable in church history for the first
general
persecution. The new Emperor was unfavorable to Christianity and zealously devoted to the pagan religion. He resolved to attempt the complete extermination of the former,
Article #57956
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
The student of church history now meets with the manifest and appalling effect of the world in the church. It is a most sorrowful sight, but it ought to be a profitable lesson to the christian reader. What then was, is now, and ever must be. The Holy Spirit, who
Article #57957
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
The same Dionysius tells us that many were as pillars of the Lord, who through Him were made strong, and became wonderful witnesses of His grace. Among these he mentions a boy of fifteen, Dioscurus by name, who answered in the wisest manner all questions, and displayed such constancy under
Article #57958
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
As the name of Cyprian must be familiar to all our readers, and a name most famous in connection with the government and discipline of the church, it may be well to notice particularly the serene fortitude of this Father in the prospect of martyrdom.
Article #57959
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Before attempting a brief account of the persecution under Diocletian, it may be well to review the history and condition of the church as the final struggle drew near. But in order to form a correct judgment of the progress and state of Christianity at the end of three hundred
Article #57960
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Diocletian ascended the throne in 284. In 286 he associated with himself Maximian, as Augustus; and in 292 Galerius and Constantius were added to the number of the princes, with the inferior title of Caesar. Thus, when the fourth century began, the Roman empire had four sovereigns. Two bore the
Article #57961
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Already the church has passed through nine systematic persecutions. The first was under Nero, then Domitian, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Severus, Maximin, Decius, Valerian, Aurelian. And now the fearful moment has arrived when she must undergo the Tenth, according to the prophetic word of the Lord: "Ye shall have tribulation Ten
Article #57962
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
About the 24th of February the
first
edict was issued. It ordained that all who refused to sacrifice should lose their offices, their property, their rank, and civil privileges; that slaves persisting in the profession of the gospel should be excluded from the hope of liberty; that Christians of
Article #57963
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Not long after the first edict had been carried into execution throughout the empire, rumors of insurrections in Armenia and Syria, regions densely peopled with Christians, reached the Emperor's ears. These troubles were falsely attributed to the Christians, and afforded a pretext for a second edict. It was intimated that
Article #57964
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
A third edict was immediately issued prohibiting the liberation of any of the clergy, unless they consented to offer sacrifice. They were declared enemies of the State; and wherever a hostile prefect chose to exercise his boundless authority, they were crowded into prisons intended only for the basest criminals. The
Article #57965
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
By a fourth edict the orders which applied only to the clergy were now to be extended to the whole body of Christians. The magistrates were directed to make free use of torture for forcing
all
Christians—men, women, and children—into the worship of the gods. Diocletian and his colleagues
Article #57966
Book #
16036
Rome and Her Rulers (180 A.D. - 313 A.D.): Chapter 9
Andrew Miller
Great and important changes began to take place in the sovereignty of the empire. But the Head of the church watched over everything. He had limited and defined the period of her sufferings, and neither the hosts of hell, nor the legions of Rome, could extend these one hour. The
Article #57967
Book #
16036
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The reign of Constantine the Great forms a most important epoch in the history of the church. Both his father Constantius and his mother Helena were religiously inclined, and always favorable to the Christians. Some years of Constantine's youth were spent at the court of Diocletian and Galerius, in the
Article #57968
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The Epistle to the church in Pergamos exactly describes, we believe, the state of things in Constantine's time. But we will quote the address entire for the convenience of our readers, and then compare it: "And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things saith he which
Article #57969
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The great event in the religious history of Constantine took place in 312. He was marching from France to Italy against Maxentius. The approaching contest was one of immense moment. It was likely either to be his ruin or to raise him to the highest pinnacle of power. He was
Article #57970
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
According to Eusebius, the workers in gold and precious stones were immediately sent for, and received their orders from the lips of Constantine. Eusebius had seen the standard, and gives a long account of it. As the greatest interest has been thrown around this relic of antiquity by all ecclesiastical
Article #57971
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The victorious Emperor paid a short visit to Rome. Amongst other things which he did, he caused to be erected in the forum a statue of himself, holding in his right hand a standard in the shape of a cross, with the following inscription: "By this salutary sign, the true
Article #57972
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
All that we know of the religion of Constantine up to the period of his conversion, so-called, would imply that he was outwardly, if not zealously, a pagan. Eusebius himself admits that he was at this time in doubt which religion he would embrace. Policy, superstition, hypocrisy, divine inspiration, have
Article #57973
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
Up to this time the church had been perfectly free and independent of the state. She had a divine constitution -direct from heaven—and outside the world. She made her way, not by state patronage, but by divine power, against every hostile influence. In place of receiving support from the civil
Article #57974
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
In the month of March 313, the banns of the unholy alliance between the Church and the State were published at Milan. The celebrated edict of that date conferred on the Christians the fullest toleration, and led the way to the legal establishment of Christianity, and to its ascendancy over
Article #57975
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
After the total defeat of Licinius already referred to, the whole Roman world was reunited under the scepter of Constantine. In his proclamation issued to his new subjects in the East, he declares himself to be the instrument of God for spreading the true faith; and that God had given
Article #57976
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
We now come to the consideration of that which has been the great historical problem to men of all creeds, nations and passions; namely, whether the State which seeks to advance Christianity by the worldly means at its command, or the earthly power which opposes it by legal violence, does
Article #57977
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
But even from history, we think it can be proved that it was better for Christianity when Christians were suffering at the stake for Christ, than when they were feasted in kings' palaces and covered with royal favors. By way of illustrating our question, we will give our readers a
Article #57978
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
However agreeable to mere nature the sunshine of the imperial favor might be, it was destructive of the true character of the individual Christian and of the church corporately. All testimony to a rejected Christ on earth, and an exalted Christ in heaven was gone. It was the world baptized,
Article #57979
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The baptism of Constantine has given rise to almost as much speculation as his conversion. Notwithstanding the great zeal he displayed in favor of Christianity, he delayed his baptism, and consequently his reception into the church, till the approach of death. Many motives, both political and personal, have been suggested
Article #57980
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
Two great controversies—the Donatistic and the Arian -had their beginning in this reign: the former, arising in the West, from a disputed appointment to the episcopal dignity at Carthage: the latter, of Eastern origin, and involving the very foundations of Christianity. The latter was a question of doctrine, the former
Article #57981
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The Emperor was again entreated to take up their cause, and on this occasion to take the matter entirely into his own hands; to which he agreed, though offended by their obstinacy. He heard the case at Milan in the year 316; where he gave sentence in accordance with the
Article #57982
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
As this was the first schism that divided the church, we have thought it well to give a few details. The reader may learn some needed lessons from this memorable division. It began with an incident so inconsiderable in itself that it scarcely deserves a place in history. There was
Article #57983
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
Scarcely had the outward peace of the church been secured by the edict of Milan, when it was distracted by internal dissensions. Shortly after the breaking out of the Donatist schism in the province of Africa, the
Arian
controversy, which had its origin in the East, extended to every
Article #57984
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
Arianism was the natural growth of the Gnostic opinions; and Alexandria, the hotbed of metaphysical questions and subtle distinctions, its birthplace. Paul of Samosata, and Sabellius of Libya, in the third century, taught similar false doctrines to Arius in the fourth. The Gnostic sects in their different varieties, and the
Article #57985
Book #
16037
Pergamos Period (313 A.D. - 606 A.D.): Chapter 10
Andrew Miller
The dissension soon became so violent, that it was judged necessary to appeal to the Emperor. He at first considered the whole question as utterly trifling and unimportant. He wrote a letter to Alexander and Arius jointly, in which he reproves them for contending about idle questions and imaginary differences,
Article #57986
Book #
16037
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Constantine was now obliged to look more closely into the nature of the dispute. He began to understand that the question was not one of trifling, but of the highest and most essential, importance; and resolved to convoke an assembly of bishops, in order to establish the true doctrine, and
Article #57987
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
The celebrated confession of faith usually called "The Nicene Creed," was the result of the long and solemn deliberations of the assembly. They decided against the Arian opinions, and firmly maintained the doctrines of the holy Trinity, of the true Godhead of Christ, and of His oneness with the Father
Article #57988
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
As the Emperor had no independent judgment of his own in ecclesiastical matters, and certainly no spiritual discernment into these doctrinal controversies, the continuance of his favor could not be relied upon. In little more than two years his mind was completely changed. But these two years were eventful in
Article #57989
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
In the council of Nice Athanasius had borne a distinguished part; his zeal and abilities designated him at once as the head of the orthodox party, and as the most powerful antagonist of the Arians. On the death of Alexander, in the year 326, he was elevated to the see
Article #57990
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Eusebius, of Nicomedia, first resorted to apparently friendly measures with Athanasius, for the purpose of inducing him to re-admit Arius to the fellowship of the church; but, failing completely in this, he influenced the Emperor to command him. An imperial mandate was issued to receive Arius and all his friends
Article #57991
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
In 334 Athanasius was summoned to appear before a council at Caesarea. He refused on the ground that the tribunal was composed of his enemies. In the following year he was cited before another council to be held at Tire by imperial authority; which he attended. Upwards of a hundred
Article #57992
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Neither Constantine nor Arius long survived the exile of Athanasius. Arius subscribed an orthodox creed; Constantine accepted his confession. He sent for Alexander, bishop of Constantinople, and told him that Arius must be received into communion on the following day, which was Sunday. Alexander, who had almost completed a hundred
Article #57993
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Before proceeding farther with our general history, we shall do well to pause for a moment, and consider the bearings of the great changes which have taken place, both in the position of the church and the world, during the reign of Constantine the Great. It would not be too
Article #57994
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Constantine the Great was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine, Constantius, and Constans. They had been educated in the faith of the gospel, and had been named Caesars by their father, and on his death they divided the empire among them. Constantine obtained Gaul, Spain, and Britain; Constantius, the Asiatic
Article #57995
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
After a banishment of two years and four months Athanasius was restored to his diocese by the younger Constantine, where he was received with a joyful welcome by his flock. But the death of that prince exposed Athanasius to a second persecution. Constantius, who is described as a vain but
Article #57996
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
In the year 353 a synod was held at Arles; and in 355 another met at Milan. Upwards of three hundred bishops were present at the latter. The sessions of the council were held in the palace, Constantius and his guards being present. The condemnation of Athanasius was artfully represented
Article #57997
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
In the year 361 Constantius, the patron of the Arians, died. Like his father, he delayed his baptism till a short time before his death. The prosperous days of the Arians were now ended.
Article #57998
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
We are disposed to believe that, under the blessing of God, he was the means of preserving the church from the Arian heresy, which threatened to extinguish from Christianity both the name and the faith of the Lord Jesus Christ. The enemy aimed at nothing short of a Christless system,
Article #57999
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Valentinian was succeeded by his son, Gratian, in 375. He was then only sixteen years of age. He admitted as a nominal colleague his half-brother, the younger Valentinian; and soon after he chose Theodosius as an active colleague, on whom he bestowed the sovereignty of the East. Gratian had been
Article #58000
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
The measure of our interest in the history of the Roman Emperors must be proportionate to their acknowledgment of the truth, and their treatment of Christians. Did we not seek to discern God's hand in their government, it would be wearisome and profitless, at this distant period, to examine what
Article #58001
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
Most of our readers, even the youngest, have heard of "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"—the fourth great world-empire spoken of by the prophet Daniel, and by St. John in the Apocalypse. It had been on the decline for some time, and was rapidly approaching its fall, when
Article #58002
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
We will now glance at some of the leading events in the history of the great Theodosius. In the circumstances of these events will be found the best commentary on the life of the Emperor, the power of the priesthood, and the character of the times.
Article #58003
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
The most prominent defect in the character of Theodosius was a proneness to violent anger; yet he could be softened down and moved to be most merciful after great provocation, if properly appealed to. We have a remarkable instance of this in his forgiving the people of Antioch. It happened
Article #58004
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
The history of the tumult and massacre at Thessalonica, in 390, graves yet deeper lines in the character of Theodosius. In studying this period of his life, we are reminded of David, the king of Israel. In this sorrowful affair the enemy gained a great advantage over the christian Emperor;
Article #58005
Book #
16038
Rome and Her Rulers (313 A.D. - 397 A.D.): Chapter 11
Andrew Miller
There are few events in the annals of the church more deeply interesting than the penance of the great Theodosius, and the rigorous conditions of restoration demanded by Ambrose. Stripped of the superstition and formalities peculiar to the times, we have a case before us of the most genuine and
Article #58006
Book #
16038
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The century, which closes with the death of the great Theodosius and Ambrose, has been full of the deepest interest to the christian reader. Events, the most momentous—affecting the majesty and glory of God, and the wellbeing of mankind—have transpired. From 303 till 313, the church passed through her most
Article #58007
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
In the New Testament there is perfect uniformity, both as to precept and example, on the subject of baptism; but in our own day, and ever since the beginning of the third century, we find in the professing church endless variations both as to theory and practice on this important
Article #58008
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
Enough, we believe, for our present purpose, has been said on the subject of infant baptism. The reader has before him the testimony of the most trustworthy witnesses for the first two hundred years of its history. The practice seems to have taken its rise, and derived all its wondrous
Article #58009
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The expression "born of water," we believe, in no way means baptism. The new birth is the Savior's theme; without which no man can
see
or enter into the kingdom of God. It was not yet come visibly—"not with observation"—but it was there among them, as God's new sphere
Article #58010
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The church of Rome and all who follow the Fathers confess that the origin of their practice is tradition. But there are many in our day, as there have been since the Reformation,* who hold infant baptism from the writings of the New Testament. The following are the principal passages
Article #58011
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
When superstition in general takes the place of faith, and human notions the place of God's word, where will even serious and enlightened men not be carried! Augustine strongly advocated the practice of infant communion. But it followed infant baptism as a necessary consequence. The Fathers affirmed that the grace
Article #58012
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
In studying the internal history of the church during the fourth century, innumerable things crowd for a brief notice: but we can only refer to those which characterize the period. The altered position of the clergy is an important one, and will account for many changes that were introduced by
Article #58013
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
Before we approach the period of "the Church of Thyatira," it may be well to notice the rise and growth of the early ascetic tendencies. The influence of monasticism was indeed great during the dark ages, and throughout the Western churches. Let us trace it to its source. It is
Article #58014
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
Antony was evidently sincere and honest, though utterly mistaken and misled by the craft and power of Satan. In place of acting upon the Savior's commission to His disciples, "Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature," or following His example who went about doing
Article #58015
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The earliest form in which the ascetic spirit developed itself in the christian church was not in the formation of societies or communities, as we find in later times, but in the seclusion of single individuals. They believed, however mistaken, that they had a special call to strive after a
Article #58016
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
Until nearly the close of the fifth century, the monasteries were placed under the superintendence of the bishops; the monks were regarded as simply laymen, and had no claim to be ranked among the sacerdotal order. Circumstances, however, in course of time, led the monks to assume a clerical character.
Article #58017
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
From an early period of the history of the church we read of devout virgins, who professed religious chastity, and dedicated themselves to the service of Christ. Their duties and devotions were self-imposed, so that they might preserve their domestic relations, or enter without scandal into the state of marriage.
Article #58018
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The cruel and merciless spirit of popery is painfully felt, even by her own members, at the consecration of a nun. It is unnatural, unscriptural, an outrage on every feeling of our humanity, ruinous both to soul and body, and could only be submitted to through the blinding power of
Article #58019
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
It is truly sorrowful to reflect on the many and serious mistakes, or rather positive errors, of the great doctors, or early fathers as they are usually called. We know of nothing more grave and solemn than the fact, that they greatly misled the people then, and that by their
Article #58020
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
Theodosius the Great left two sons, Arcadius, aged eighteen years, and Honorius, who was only eleven. The elder succeeded to the sovereignty of the East, the younger to that of the West. Nothing can be more striking than the condition of the Roman world at this moment, or more fitted
Article #58021
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The christian reader may here find it profitable to pause for a moment and contemplate the overthrow of the Western empire, and the division of its territory amongst the various hordes of the barbarians. It is our privilege and for our edification in all this, to see the fulfillment and
Article #58022
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
It is always interesting and edifying to trace the hand of the Lord in turning the wrath of man to His own praise, and in bringing the greatest good to His own people out of that which appears to be their heaviest calamity. In the reign of Gallienus, about 268,
Article #58023
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
As the conversion of Clovis is said to have been the most important in the fifth century, we must give a few particulars of the event—important, we mean, as to its consequences, both immediate and remote, on the history of Europe, and so far of the church.
Article #58024
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The more general adoption of Christianity, as will easily be imagined, was followed by an increase of splendor in all that concerned the worship of God, so-called. Churches were built and adorned with greater cost; the officiating clergy were attired in richer dresses; the music became more elaborate, and many
Article #58025
Book #
16039
Internal History of the Church (245 A.D. - 451 A.D.): Chapter 12
Andrew Miller
The tendency of all ecclesiastical ritualism is to produce a spirit of superstition to the subversion of faith, of mere formality to the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and of resting in our own good works to the rejection of the finished work of Christ. The word of God is
Article #58026
Book #
16039
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
"And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write: These things saith the Son of God, who hath His eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass; I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works;
Article #58036
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
It is generally admitted that this period begins with the pontificate of Gregory the Great, 590, and ends with the Reformation in the early part of the sixteenth century. But before entering on the general history, we will endeavor to answer a question which has been asked, and which, we
Article #58037
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
The court of Constantinople, although it may have encouraged the hopes and ambition of the bishops, affected to govern the church with despotic power, and to decide on religious controversies of the gravest kind. But in the West it was not so. The Roman pontiffs from this period showed the
Article #58038
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
We may proceed without interruption from the name of Innocent to that of Leo, who ascended the chair of St. Peter in the year 440, and occupied it for one-and-twenty years. He was remarkable for his political skill, theological learning, and great ecclesiastical energy. He maintained with the haughtiness of
Article #58039
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
The name of Justinian is so famous in history, and so connected with legislation both civil and ecclesiastical, that it would be unfair to our readers to pass it without a notice, though not immediately of the Latin church. He belonged to the East, and rather hindered the rise of
Article #58040
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
We have now come to the close of the sixth century of Christianity. At this period the early history of the church ends, and the mediaeval begins. The pontificate of Gregory may be regarded as the line that separates the two periods. A great change takes place. The Eastern churches
Article #58041
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
The character of Gregory was distinguished by the fervor of his almsgiving. Though raised to the papal throne, he lived in a simple and monastic style. His palace was surrounded by the suffering poor, as his monastery had been, and relief was distributed with a liberal hand. Nor was he
Article #58042
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
The pastoral care of the church was evidently the main object and delight of Gregory's heart. This he believed to be his work, and fain would he have devoted himself entirely to it; for according to the superstitious credulity of the times, he had the deepest conviction that the care
Article #58043
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
Notwithstanding the depression of the church, and of all classes of society, through the inroads of the barbarians, the blessed Lord was watching over the spread of the gospel in other countries. And surely it was of His great mercy, that the hosts of invaders which poured down on the
Article #58044
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
Far back in the early days of apostolic simplicity, the cross of Christ, we believe, was planted in our island. There is fair historical evidence for believing that "Claudia," mentioned by Paul in his Second Epistle to Timothy, was the daughter of a British king, who married a distinguished Roman,
Article #58045
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
Although the British church had acquired such credit for orthodoxy, we have very little reliable information as to its rise and progress, or as to the means by which this was effected. There are many traditions, but they are scarcely worth repeating, and are unsuitable for a brief history. There
Article #58046
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
About the middle of the fifth century the Saxon ships reached the British coast, and under their leaders, Hengist and Horsa, a few hundred fierce and desperate warriors disembarked. These famous leaders immediately took the field at the head of their followers, and completely defeated the Picts and Scots. But
Article #58047
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
In the year 596, and about 150 years after the arrival of the Saxons in Britain, Gregory's famous mission left Italy for our island. A company of forty missionary monks, under the direction of Augustine, were sent to preach the gospel to the benighted Anglo-Saxons. But hearing of the savage
Article #58048
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
Gregory, on hearing of the great success of Augustine, sent him more missionaries, who carried with them a number of books, including the Gospels, with church plate, vestments, relics, and the pallium which was to invest Augustine as Archbishop of Canterbury. He also directed him to consecrate twelve bishops in
Article #58049
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
Augustine is spoken of by some historians as a devout Christian, and his missionary enterprise as one of the greatest in the annals of the church. But, without wishing to detract in the least degree from the greatness of the man or his mission, we must not forget that scripture
Article #58050
Book #
16040
Rome and Her Spreading Influence (397 A.D. - 590 A.D.): Chapter 13
Andrew Miller
Ambition, mingled with humility; and superstition, mingled with faith, characterized the great pontiff. This strange mixture and confusion was no doubt the result of his false position. It is difficult to understand how a man of such sound sense could be so debased by superstition as to believe in the
Article #58051
Book #
16040
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The ecclesiastical system which the Italian monks introduced into England rapidly spread, and ultimately triumphed. In about a hundred years after the arrival of Augustine, it was professed and believed throughout Anglo-Saxon Britain. The English church, thus founded on the Roman model, could not fail to hold a position especially
Article #58052
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
Patrick, the apostle of Ireland, is supposed to have been born about the year 372 on the banks of the Clyde.
Kilpatrick
is said to have taken its name from him. His parents were earnest Christians; his father was a deacon, and his grandfather was a presbyter. His mother,
Article #58053
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The blessed fruits of St. Patrick's labors were abundantly manifested in after years. Ireland at this time is described as a kind of elysium of peace and piety; and its fame for pure scriptural teaching rose so high, that it received the honorable appellation of "the Isle of Saints." The
Article #58054
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
Columba, a pious man, of royal descent, and full of good works, became deeply impressed with the importance of carrying the gospel to other lands. He thought of Scotland, and determined to visit the country of the famous Succath. Having communicated his intention to some of his fellow-Christians, who thoroughly
Article #58055
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
A proficient in the mystic piety of that day was believed to work miracles, utter prophecies, and enjoy divine visions. He was surrounded with such a fearful sanctity, that none dared to touch the man of God. He emerged from his miserable cell as from another world, himself and his
Article #58056
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
About a hundred and fifty years before the famous Columba landed on the isle of Iona, St. Ninian, "a most holy man of the British nation," as Bede calls him, preached the gospel in the southern districts of Scotland. This missionary, like almost all the saints of early times, is
Article #58057
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
About the close of the sixth, or the beginning of the seventh century, missionaries began to issue from the cloisters of Iona, carrying the light of Christianity not merely to the different parts of Scotland, but to England and the continent. Augustine and his Italian monks landed in Kent a
Article #58058
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
Amongst the many subjects of dispute between the Celtic and Italian missionaries, the true day for the celebration of Easter, and the true form of the clerical tonsure, excited the fiercest controversies, stirred up the strongest passions, and ultimately led to the fall of the Church in Scotland, and the
Article #58059
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The Culdees, as their name imports, were a kind of religious recluses, who lived in retired places. The christian community of Iona was called
Culdees.
And this is probably the reason why that isolated spot was fixed upon by Columba as the seat of his monastery. Though utterly free
Article #58060
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
It is more than probable that the cross had been planted, at an early period, in the heart of the German forests, as well as in those cities and districts which were in subjection to the Roman Empire. The names of several bishops from Germany are found in the lists
Article #58061
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The diffusion of Christianity in this century far exceeded its former bounds both in the Eastern and Western countries. We have seen something of its triumphs in the West. In the East the Nestorians are said to have labored with incredible industry and perseverance to propagate the truth of the
Article #58062
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
We now return to Rome. Her importance and influence as a center, claim our closest attention for a little. The spiritual dominions of the pope were now extended far and wide. From all parts of the empire bishops, princes, and people looked to Rome as the parent of their faith,
Article #58063
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
Every day it became more and more manifest, that there could be no solid peace for Rome, no sure foundation for the spiritual supremacy already achieved, but in the total overthrow both of the Greek and Lombard powers in Italy, and the appropriation of their spoils by the holy See.
Article #58064
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The eyes of the popes had for some time been turned to France as the quarter from which deliverance was to come. The Frankish nation had been catholic from the beginning of their Christianity; but a closer connection with Rome had been lately formed by means of St. Boniface, the
Article #58065
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The part which Boniface and his patron the pope had in this revolution, and the morality of the proceedings, have been the subjects of much controversy. Papal writers have been at some pains to exonerate the unscrupulous priests, and protestant writers to criminate them. But if we compare their conduct
Article #58066
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
By a mutual exchange of good offices, in less than three years Pepin crossed the Alps at the head of a numerous army, overthrew the Lombards, and recovered the Italian territory which they had wrested from the Eastern empire. Justice would indeed have demanded that it should be returned to
Article #58067
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
Nothing could give us a more expressive idea of the fearful apostasy of the church of Rome than this letter. The one title to eternal life is obedience to the pope; the highest duty of man is the protection and enlargement of the holy See. But where is Christ? where
Article #58068
Book #
16041
Europe (372 A.D. - 814 A.D.): Chapter 14
Andrew Miller
The actual extent of his donation is very difficult to ascertain. But it seems to be the general opinion of the historians, that it included not only the exarchate of Ravenna, but the dukedoms of Spoleto and Benevento, Venetia, Istria, and other territories in the north of Italy—in short, almost
Article #58069
Book #
16041
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
It has been with much interest, that we have traced the steady progress and subduing power of Christianity throughout the whole of Europe, during the seventh and eighth centuries, though in its Latin or Roman dress. The name of Jesus was spread abroad, and God could use the sweet savor
Article #58070
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
According to Arabian tradition, he was of the noble family of the Koreish. That tribe, the Koreishite, at the time of Mahomet's birth (which is generally placed about the year 569) was a kind of hierarchy exercising religious supremacy, and the acknowledged guardians of the Caaba, the sacred stone of
Article #58071
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
The new religion thus announced was Islam—a word which means
submission
or
resignation
to the will of God. His doctrine was summed up in his own aphorism, "There is no God but the true God, and Mahomet is his prophet." The six main articles in the theoretical faith
Article #58072
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Hitherto he had endeavored to spread his opinions by persuasion only, but the people were obstinate and superstitious, and threatened the prophet with martyrdom. He was obliged to flee from his native city Mecca, the central spot of the commerce and of the religion of Arabia, and the hoped-for center
Article #58073
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Mahomet was now lord of Mecca. The unity of God was proclaimed and his own prophetic mission from the highest pinnacle of the Mosque. The idols were broken to pieces. The old system of idolatry sank before the fear of his arms and the outward simplicity of his new creed.
Article #58074
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
After the death of the prophet, war was declared against mankind by his sucessors, the Caliphs. The chief of these were, Abou Beker, the wise; Omar, the faithful; Ali, the brave; Khaled, the sword of God. These were the oldest companions and relatives of the prophet. In a few months
Article #58075
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Having brought down our history, both civil and ecclesiastical, to the close of the eighth century, we may pause for a moment and reflect on what we have seen, where we are, and what we have to expect. We have watched the growth of the Roman See in the West,
Article #58076
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
While the Arabs under Abou Beker and Omar were overrunning the Greek countries, and wresting province after province from the empire, the Emperor contented himself by sending out armies to repel them, and remained in his capital for the discussion of theological questions. From the conclusion of his successful wars
Article #58077
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
For more than three hundred years after the first publication of the gospel there is good reason to believe, that neither images nor any other visible objects of religious reverence were admitted into the public service of the churches, or adopted into the exercises of private devotion. Probably such a
Article #58078
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
The Emperor Leo III., surnamed Isauricus, a prince of great abilities, had the boldness to undertake, in the face of so many difficulties, to purify the church of its detestable idols. As the writings of the unsuccessful party were carefully suppressed or destroyed, history is silent as to the Emperor's
Article #58079
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Sweeping as the second edict was, the imperial officers, it is said, went even beyond their orders. The most sacred statues and pictures were everywhere ruthlessly broken, torn to pieces, or publicly committed to the flames under the eyes of the enraged worshippers. "Heedless of danger and death," says Greenwood,
Article #58080
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
The intelligence of the first assault of Leo against the images of Constantinople filled the Italians with grief and indignation; but when the orders arrived to put the fatal decrees in force within the Italian dependencies of the empire, all rose to arms from the greatest to the least. The
Article #58081
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
After carefully reading these ancient epistles, it is impossible to believe that Gregory could have been so ignorant as to state so many things to Leo in favor of image-worship that were positively false: we are more inclined to believe that he knew them to be untrue, but counted on
Article #58082
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Gregory did not long survive his epistles. In the following year he was succeeded by a third pope of the same name. Gregory III was also zealous in the cause of images, he labored to increase the popular veneration for them. In Rome he set the example of image-worship on
Article #58083
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Decrees were issued for a council to be held at Nicaea—a city, hallowed by the sittings of the first great council of Christendom—to decide the question of image-worship. The number of ecclesiastics present was about 350. Her chosen men took the lead; everything was, no doubt, pre-arranged. Among the preliminary
Article #58084
Book #
16042
Mohammedanish - Iconoclasm (569 A.D. - 741 A.D.): Chapter 15
Andrew Miller
Thus ended the most critical question that had ever been raised since Christianity became the religion of the Roman world. By the seventh general council idolatry was formally and vehemently established as the worship of the great papal system, and anathemas were denounced against all who should dare to depart
Article #58085
Book #
16042
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The papal monarchy is now established. The court of France and the papacy are united. Rome is now dissevered from the East, and become the center of influence over all the West. But having traced the dark lines of the apostasy of Latin Christianity from the beginning of the fourth
Article #58086
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The rise of the Nestorians in the fifth century and their great missionary zeal have been already mentioned. At their head stood a bishop, known by the title of
Patriarch
of
Babylon.
His residence was originally at Seleucia. From Persia, it is said, they carried the gospel to
Article #58087
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The Gnostics, who had been so numerous and powerful during the early days of Christianity, were now an obscure remnant, chiefly confined to the villages along the borders of the Euphrates. They had been driven by the all-powerful catholics from the capitals of the East and the West, and the
Article #58088
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
Constantine, who styled himself
Silvanus,
addressed his first appeals to the inhabitants of a place called Cibossa in Armenia, whom he styled
Macedonians.
"I am Silvanus," he said, "you are Macedonians." There he fixed his residence and labored with untiring energy for nearly thirty years; he made many
Article #58089
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
After the death of the Emperor Theophilus, Theodora his widow governed as regent during the minority of her son. Her concealed attachment to idolatry was well known to the priesthood, and no sooner was Theophilus dead than she applied herself to the complete accomplishment of her great object. When the
Article #58090
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
Nicolas I., who became pope of Rome in 858, highly commends, by letter, the conduct of the superstitious and cruel Theodora. He especially admires and approves her implicit obedience to the Roman see. "She resolved," he says, "to bring the Paulicians to the true faith, or cut them all off
Article #58091
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
Like certain of the Albigenses, Hussites of Bohemia, and Calvinists of France, the Paulicians of Armenia and the adjacent provinces determined on more decided resistance to their persecutors. This was their sad failure, and the sad fruit of listening to the suggestions of Satan. For nearly two hundred years they
Article #58092
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
About the middle of the eighth century Constantine, surnamed Copronymus, either as a favor or as a punishment, transplanted a great number of Paulicians into Thrace, an outpost of the empire; and there they acted as a religious mission. By this emigration their doctrines were introduced and diffused in Europe.
Article #58093
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
Ecclesiastical history, so-called, from the time of Pepin, is so interwoven with the history of the Frankish kings, and the disgraceful intrigues of the popes, that we must further, though briefly, trace the course of events which have an important bearing on the character of popery and the history of
Article #58094
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The pope now sent messages in the utmost haste to entreat immediate help from Charles; at the same time diligently superintending in person the military preparations for the defense of the city and the security of its treasures. And, according to an old strategy of Rome, Hadrian sent three bishops
Article #58095
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The pope was now a temporal prince. The long looked-for and sighed-for day was come; the fond dream of centuries was realized. The successors of St. Peter are proclaimed sovereign pontiffs and the lords of the city and territories of Rome. The last link of the shadowy vassalage and subserviency
Article #58096
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
As the empire of Charlemagne is in a peculiar manner connected with the history of the church, and forms the great epoch in the annals of the Roman See, it demands a fuller consideration. Roman catholicism was just about as much indebted to that great prince, as Mahometanism was to
Article #58097
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The professed object of Charlemagne was to establish Christianity in the remote parts of Germany, but it must ever be regretted that he used such violent means to accomplish his end. Thousands were forced into the waters of baptism to escape a cruel death. The sword or baptism were the
Article #58098
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
Sad as it is to reflect on the fearful slaughter of the Saxons, and the forced baptism of the helpless remnant, our sadness is infinitely increased when we find that the professed messengers of mercy were the great movers in these long and exterminating wars. In place of being the
Article #58099
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
For centuries the papal cry to each succeeding monarch had been, "Give, give; endow, endow; and the blessed Peter shall surely send you victory over your enemies, prosperity in this world, and a place near himself in heaven." This cry was in a great measure answered about the beginning of
Article #58100
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
The Lord had, no doubt, His many hidden ones, even in the darkest times, as in Thyatira: "But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan, as they speak; I will put
Article #58101
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
But the kindness of Charlemagne only excited the cupidity and envy of the rapacious priests. Not content with their estates and tithes, they aspired to a position far above the lay-lords, and even above the monarch himself. Stimulated by past success, they now attempted by a daring forgery to accomplish
Article #58102
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
So deep was the ignorance and credulity of those times, that the most absurd fables were received with great reverence by all classes. The cunning priests knew how to clothe their religious frauds with the most specious piety, and to blind both king and people. According to the legend Constantine
Article #58103
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
Such, alas! alas! were the foundations of the great papal edifice. We have been at some pains to see them laid; we are not mistaken. Were we to characterize the separate foundation-stones, we might speak of them as the most extravagant pretensions, the most insulting arrogance, the most barefaced forgeries,
Article #58104
Book #
16043
Europe (653 A.D. - 855 A.D.): Chapter 16
Andrew Miller
"In the East sinister designs, rancor, contentions, and strife were everywhere predominant. At Constantinople, or New Rome, those were elevated to the patriarchal chair who were in favor at court; and upon losing that favor, a decree of the Emperor hurled them from their elevated station. In the West the
Article #58105
Book #
16043
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
It is truly a great relief to the mind, both of writer and reader, to turn away from the dark and polluted regions of Rome, and trace for a little the
silver line
of God's saving grace in the spread of the gospel and in the devotedness of many
Article #58106
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
Although the sanguinary ambition and the dissolute life of Charlemagne forbid our thinking that he was possessed of any true christian principle, yet it is only fair to acknowledge that he was used of God for the advancement of education at home, and for the spread of Christianity abroad. Schools
Article #58107
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
There can be little doubt that Louis, surnamed the Pious, was a sincere and humble Christian. But there never was a man in such a false position as the meek and gentle Louis when the empire fell into his hands. He lived till the year 840. But his life is
Article #58108
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
The spread of the gospel towards the northern extremities of Europe, during the ninth and tenth centuries has been so fully detailed in the general histories, that we shall do little more than name the principal places, and the chief actors, in connection with the good work. But we rejoice
Article #58109
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
Some efforts were made about this time for the conversion of the Russians, Hungarians, etc., but the work of the gospel seems to have made little progress in these quarters until the conquest of Bohemia by Otho, in the year 950, or rather until the marriage of Vladimir, prince of
Article #58110
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
How good of the Lord, the great Head of the church, to send forth into many and distant lands the living waters of the sanctuary, when Rome, the center of Christendom, was stagnant and corrupt. At that very time, Baronius, the famous annalist of the Roman church, and whose partiality
Article #58111
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
Before closing our brief notice of the doings of the Lord at this time, we will notice a few names which indicate the state of things in our own country.
Article #58112
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
Were it not that we believe these powerful enemies of Christianity—the Northmen, or pirates from the regions of the North—were instruments in God's hands for the punishment of the apostate church of Rome, it would not be in our way to have introduced them. But as they appear to be
Article #58113
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
No period in church history, or perhaps in any history, or in any country, presents a darker picture than christian Europe at the close of the tenth century. The degradation of the papacy, the corrupt state of the church within, and the number and power of her enemies without, threatened
Article #58114
Book #
16044
Europe (814 A.D. - 1000 A.D.): Chapter 17
Andrew Miller
The ordinary cares and employments of this life were given up. The land was left untilled; for why plow, why sow, when no one would be left to reap? Houses were allowed to fall into decay; for why build, why repair, why trouble about property, when a few months will
Article #58115
Book #
16044
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
Andrew Miller
The beginning of the eleventh century was marked by great activity in repairing and building churches; and, but for the many uses to which these sacred edifices were applied by the poor people, they might not be worthy of our notice. We may reasonably suppose that during the past thirty
Article #58116
Book #
16045
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
Andrew Miller
The beginning of the eleventh century was not only famous for the putting forth of great architectural skill, but also for the renewed energies of the human mind in the various departments of learning. The long, dull, unquestioning belief of ages was now to be disturbed by a free and
Article #58117
Book #
16045
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
Andrew Miller
We now meet with a somewhat curious and unexpected phenomenon in the history of literature during these dark ages; and though it may not properly fall within the line of our church history, it is too interesting and important to overlook. The professed teachers of Christendom were at this time,
Article #58118
Book #
16045
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
Andrew Miller
Pope Sylvester II., who filled the chair of St. Peter when the first morning of the eleventh century dawned upon Europe, formed the link between the wisdom and learning of the Arabians, and the ignorance and credulity of the Romans. He had studied at the Mahometan schools in the royal
Article #58119
Book #
16045
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
Andrew Miller
Stephen, a most pious prince of Hungary, was baptized by Adelbert, bishop of Prague, and began to reign in the year 997. He was a most zealous supporter of the gospel, schools, and missionary work. He often accompanied the preachers, and sometimes preached himself. His pious queen, Gisla, daughter of
Article #58120
Book #
16045
Europe (1000 A.D. - 1110 A.D.): Chapter 18
Andrew Miller
We have seen, in tracing the good work of the gospel in different countries, the activity, energy, and aggressive character of the church of Rome. And although there was a fearful amount of human tradition, and many foolish absurdities, mixed up with "the gospel of God," still the name of
Article #58121
Book #
16045
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
Hildebrand, a native of Tuscany, born in the early part of the eleventh century, had embraced from his boyhood the most rigid ideas of monasticism. Dissatisfied with the laxity of the Italian monks, he crossed the Alps, and entered the austere convent of Cluny, in Burgundy, then the foremost in
Article #58122
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
Just at this point of our history we meet, through the subtlety of Satan, the most extreme and opposite of characters. Hildebrand's one object was to subdue the outer world; the self-inflicted cruelties of others were to subdue the world within themselves.
Article #58123
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The day is yet future when man, the Antichrist of 2 Thess. 2 energized and led on by Satan, will "exalt himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped;" but surely in the life and character of Gregory, we have a dark foreshadowing of that masterpiece of
Article #58124
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The following are said to be some of Gregory's maxims; they will give the reader an idea of the man, and of the spirit of popery. "It is laid down that the Roman pontiff is universal bishop, that his name is the only one of the kind in the world.
Article #58125
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
About the close of Gregory's first official year (March, 1074), he assembled a numerous council at Rome, for the purpose of declaring war against the two great vices of the European clergy, and the two great hindrances to his theocratic scheme, namely, concubinage and simony, or the marriage of the
Article #58126
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The promulgation of this edict produced, as may well be conceived, the greatest possible agitation and distress throughout the whole of Christendom. Up to this time, right or wrong, marriage had been the rule, celibacy the exception. And the injustice of the edict made it more intolerable, for it fell
Article #58127
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
In the eleventh century the feudal system is said to have arrived at maturity, and the sin of simony—or the sale of ecclesiastical benefices—to have reached its evil height. At this period history informs us that, from the Papacy down to the lowest parochial cure, every spiritual dignity had its
Article #58128
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
So long as the church was poor, persecuted, and despised by the world, there were no purchasers for benefices. When a man lost his worldly status by becoming a Christian, and exposed himself to imprisonment and death, all trafficking in ecclesiastical preferments was unknown. But after the union of Church
Article #58129
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The formal inauguration of a bishop or abbot by the delivery of a ring and a staff had been customary with the emperors, kings, and princes of Europe, long before the establishment of the feudal system by Charlemagne, probably from the time of Clovis. And so far, if we bear
Article #58130
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The discerning eye of the vigilant pontiff had long watched the spirit and movements of all Christendom. He was well acquainted with the moral and political life, the strength and weakness, of all nations. He may be seen in the spiritual warfare temporizing with the strong, and bending all his
Article #58131
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
In the assembly Gregory thus spoke: "Now, therefore, brethren, it behooves us to draw the sword of vengeance; now must we smite the foe of God and of His church; now shall his bruised head, which lifts itself, in its haughtiness, against the foundations of the faith, and of all
Article #58132
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
War was now openly proclaimed; the effect of these letters, thrown broadcast into a kingdom already divided and among a people already discontented and accustomed to rebellion, was immense. Both Church and State were rent in pieces, some taking part with the king, others with the pontiff. A civil war
Article #58133
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The fallen Emperor was now caught in the toils of the enemy. The policy of Gregory had been successful. Having created a revolution, and caused much bloodshed between the princes of the realm and Henry, which he artfully shifted from the ground of individual or political grievance to that of
Article #58134
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The unexpected arrival of Henry in Italy produced a great senation. Princes and bishops assembled in great numbers, and received him with the highest honors. The Italians looked to him for a redress of their grievances. Those who had been excommunicated by Hildebrand looked eagerly for vengeance; and the Lombard
Article #58135
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
It was now towards the end of January; the year of grace was nearly expired; and Henry resolved to accept the pope's conditions. He was determined to do and to bear all, so that he might but disappoint the plottings of his rebellious subjects, and retain the empire.
Article #58136
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
Gregory soon found that he had gone too far—that the humiliation at Canosa could never be forgotten and could never even sleep until it was revenged. Compassion as well as interest moved many princes and prelates to gather round the fallen king, now that he was released from the ban
Article #58137
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
The Romans at length, weary of enduring the miseries of a siege, and no hope of relief from the Italian Normans, declared in favor of Henry. He was master of the greater part of the city. His first step was to place Guibert the Archbishop of Ravenna in the papal
Article #58138
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
In order therefore to meet the pope's wishes, receive his blessing, and overthrow his enemies, Robert collected an army of 30,000 irregular infantry, and 6000 Norman cavalry, and put them in march for Rome. It was a wild and motley host, in which were mingled adventurers of many nations: some
Article #58139
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
"The Norman horse," says Milman, "poured into the streets, but the Romans fought at advantage, from their possession of the houses and their knowledge of the ground. They were gaining the superiority: the Normans saw their peril. The remorseless Guiscard gave the word to fire the houses. From every quarter
Article #58140
Book #
16046
Pope Gregory VII (1049 A.D. - 1085 A.D.): Chapter 19
Andrew Miller
Covered with everlasting shame, branded with eternal infamy, and dreading to hear the reproaches which must have been cast upon him as the author of the late calamities, he retired from the city of St. Peter, in company with his allies, while its ruins were still smoking, its streets lying
Article #58141
Book #
16046
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
The enemy now changes his tactics. The pope had gained little or nothing by his long wars with the empire, and the common sense of mankind had been insulted by his unexampled insolence. Means more plausible, more deceiving, more pious, must be devised. How can the spiritual power gain complete
Article #58144
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
From an early period pilgrimages to the Holy Land became a ruling passion with the more devout and superstitious. Jerome speaks of the crowds which from all quarters thronged the sacred places. But the supposed discovery of the real sepulcher, the disinterment of the true cross, the magnificent church built
Article #58145
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
The feelings of European Christians were naturally excited by the reports of the cruelties and outrages to which their brethren in the East were subjected by the infidel possessors of the Holy Land; and this gave an appearance of justice to the idea of a religious war.
Article #58146
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
In March 1095, a council was summoned to meet Urban at Placentia, to consult about the holy war and other important matters. Two hundred bishops, four thousand clergy, and thirty thousand laity appeared; and, as no building was large enough to contain the vast multitude, the greater sessions were held
Article #58147
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
1. The festival of the Assumption, August 15th 1096, was fixed as the day on which the Crusaders should commence their march. Women urged their husbands, their brothers, and their sons to take the cross; and those who refused became marks for general contempt. Property of all kinds was sold
Article #58148
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
In the meantime, while the poor, naked, deluded, plebeian multitude had been cut down, the aristocracy of the West had assumed the cross, encouraged each other, and were preparing to depart on the same holy mission. Of the chiefs it will be necessary to say a little, that we may
Article #58149
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
The zeal and the indignation of the pilgrims were greatly excited when they saw the pyramid of bones which marked the place where Walter and his companions had fallen. Nicaea was besieged, and yielded in about five weeks; but they were greatly disappointed of their expected plunder. When the Turks
Article #58150
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
On the 18th of October, 1097, the "warriors of the cross" laid siege to Antioch, where the disciples were first called Christians, and which soon afterward became the center of the great apostle's missionary labors. But how changed the spirit, object, and ways, of his so-called successor—of him who assumed
Article #58151
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
In place of marching at once to Jerusalem, when so cheered and strengthened by victory, and their enemies over-awed, they idly spent their time, enjoying the luxuries of Syria, for nearly ten months, and, when marching orders were given the following May, only a very small part of the once
Article #58152
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
Jerusalem, which had been under the Mahometan yoke since the conquest of Omar in 637, was again in the hands of the Christians; and eight days after this memorable event the victorious chiefs proceeded to the election of a king. By the free and unanimous voice of the army, Godfrey
Article #58153
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
Having thus given a somewhat minute and detailed account of the first crusade, we need do little more than give the dates, with a few particulars, of the following seven. The same unreasonable, and unscriptural, but exciting causes, and the same disastrous results, are apparent in each of the expeditions.
Article #58154
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
In the year 1187 the far-famed Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, invaded the Holy Land at the head of a large army. His avowed object was to retake Jerusalem from the Christians. Having gained a great victory at Tiberias, he pushed forward his army to the walls of the Holy City,
Article #58155
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
The fourth crusade, which was commenced in 1195 by the Emperor Henry VI., was more political than religious. It had in view, not so much the deliverance of the Holy Land, as the destruction of the Greek empire. But after some successful engagements Henry died, and the Germans resolved to
Article #58156
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
Between the fifth and sixth crusades, about the year 1213, the excitement and madness of the time produced one of mere children. A shepherd boy named Stephen, near Vendome, in France, professed to have been charged by the Savior in a vision to preach the cross. He soon gathered other
Article #58157
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
Many and varied are the opinions of historians as to the origin, character, and effects of the crusades. That they had an immense influence on the course of human affairs, especially in Europe and Asia, all are agreed. They were the means, under the overruling providence of God, of changing
Article #58158
Book #
16047
Crusades (1093 A.D. - 1213 A.D.): Chapter 20
Andrew Miller
We may just notice, before leaving the subject, that during these wars of the Christians with the Mahometans, three celebrated military-religious orders were founded—Knights of the Temple of Jerusalem, Knights of the Hospital, and Teutonic Knights. The principal duties of these knights, according to their founders, were to afford protection
Article #58159
Book #
16047
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
Having thus given a consecutive history of the Crusades, which has led us on to the end of the thirteenth century, we must now return for a little to the point where we left off, and gather up the threads of our general history.
Article #58160
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
In the year 1115 "the Great Countess" Matilda of Tuscany died. Before her death, she had made over to the Roman See her vast possessions. The deed which she executed was entirely contrary to feudal law, but in full accordance with pontifical law. Thus a fresh subject of strife between
Article #58161
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
The pope Calixtus, though an inflexible asserter of the papal claims, seeing the general eagerness for peace, gave instructions to his legates to convoke a general council of all the bishops and clergy of France and Germany at Mentz, for the purpose of taking into consideration the re-establishment of concord
Article #58162
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
The most celebrated of these men is the famous St. Bernard. He is considered the brightest representative of the Roman Catholic religion which the church had seen since the days of Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Gregory. For half a century he appears before us the leading and governing head of
Article #58163
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
As monastic Christianity or enthusiasm, in the theory of the Roman church, was at this time the only real christian perfection, we will present the reader of the nineteenth century with a few particulars of the system, that he may be able to judge for himself of the extreme blindness
Article #58164
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
Stephen Harding, an Englishman, originally from Sher-borne in Dorsetshire, was the abbot of the Cistercian monastery at Citeaux. He followed St. Benedict's rule, with additional severities. They had but one common meal a day, and had been twelve hours at work before they received it. They never tasted meat, fish,
Article #58165
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
A year has elapsed since Bernard entered Citeaux. His probation is ended; he now makes his profession. This ceremony was performed with great solemnity, and surrounded with all that could impart to it awe and majesty. The novice was called into the chapter, and, before all, made disposal of any
Article #58166
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
The arrival of Bernard, of his kindred, and his followers, at Citeaux, proved a turning-point in its history. The popularity of the small monastery was raised, and its dormitories were crowded. It soon became necessary to look out for the means of founding another. Bernard was selected by Stephen, the
Article #58167
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
After this period, according to his biographers, the fame and influence of Bernard spread rapidly and widely. His health had suffered so much from ascetic practices that he could no longer labor in the field with his brethren for their daily subsistence; but he labored with his pen, and his
Article #58168
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
But before leaving the subject of the monasteries, having looked at them under the generalship of Bernard, it may be well to notice what they had become before his day, and what they were afterward. Most of the old monasteries had become wealthy and suffered from the natural consequences. Some
Article #58169
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
A great schism in the church, caused by two unprincipled popes, was the occasion of St. Bernard being drawn reluctantly from his peaceful seclusion, and plunged at once into the affairs of the world. But, as an example of what was a common occurrence in connection with papal elections, we
Article #58170
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
Innocent, now undisputed master of Rome, assembled at the Lateran a general council. Never had Rome or any other city of Christendom beheld one so numerously attended. A thousand bishops and countless ecclesiastical dignitaries were present. The speeches and the decrees image forth the Christianity of the times. The
Article #58171
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
Before the death of Innocent, Bernard was called away from his peaceful retirement at Clairvaux, to make war against a new enemy of the church in the person of Peter Abelard. This new conflict arose out of the intellectual movements of the age, and marks a distinct epoch in the
Article #58172
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
During the latter part of eleventh century we meet with the famous names of Lanfranc, Ansehn, and Berengar. A fresh impulse was given to intellectual activity by the labors of these and other eminent teachers. It was about this time that the old cathedral schools developed into seminaries of general
Article #58173
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
Although Arnold passed as a disciple and a faithful follower of Abelard, it is evident from all we can gather that he was a man of another order. There is reason to believe that he was a sincere Christian, and possessed many of the elements of a reformer, though in
Article #58174
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
To these new and dangerous doctrines the people of Brescia listened with the greatest ardor. He unfolded to them the dark pages of ecclesiastical history, over which we have just been traveling. The whole city was in a state of the greatest excitement. Nor can we wonder at the enthusiasm
Article #58175
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
The new pope was an Englishman of great ability; and the only one, it is said, that ever sat on the papal throne. He was originally a monk of St. Albans, but obliged to leave his home because of the severity of his father. After traveling for some time on
Article #58176
Book #
16048
Rome (1106 A.D. - 1190 A.D.): Chapter 21
Andrew Miller
Were it not for a circumstance which we consider purely childish, the meeting between Adrian and Frederick might have been passed without a notice, so little does it concern the history of the church. But it concerns the history of the papacy, and we think it right to note everything
Article #58177
Book #
16048
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
We now approach a period in our history which must awaken a peculiar interest in the mind of the English reader. The Anglo-Saxon was giving place to the Anglo-Norman rule both in Church and State. The whole condition of the country was either changed or changing. But the Italian priest
Article #58178
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
From the earliest period, the kings of England were acknowledged both by clergy and laity to have the fullest power in matters pertaining to the external government of the church. Whether touching the property and the endowments of the churches, or the persons of the clergy, the authority of the
Article #58179
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
After repeated attempts and repeated failures, on the part of the pope, to introduce a legatine power into England, it was so far accomplished during the troubled reign of Stephen, A.D. 1135. This was an entirely new thing in this country, and a most daring thing on the part of
Article #58180
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
The birth and parentage of Becket are unknown. The obscurity of his origin was probably concealed by his biographers. But some say that he was born about the year 1119. According to Du Pin he commenced his studies in London and finished them in Paris, the best school for Norman
Article #58181
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
By the affability of his manners, the apparent pliancy of his disposition, the acuteness of his senses, and the attractions of his person, he soon gained the confidence and affections of the king. He made him his constant companion in all his amusements and pleasures; but it was in the
Article #58182
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
About a year after the death of Theobald, Becket was by the King named, Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all England. Before his elevation to the throne, he had feigned to be wholly devoted to the interests of his royal master; but from the moment that his election had
Article #58183
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
But, having received an answer in the affirmative from the hierarchy, the king summoned a great council of the realm to Clarendon, a royal palace near Salisbury, to ratify the concession. The King's object was peace. The law of the land was everywhere set at defiance by the church, the
Article #58184
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
War was now publicly declared between the prerogative of the crown and the pretensions of the church. The same battle, which was fought between Henry IV. of Germany and Gregory VII., was to be fought over again on English ground by the King and the archbishop. Becket resigned the chancellorship
Article #58185
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
It is not difficult to suppose with what feelings the proud and injured Plantagenet received the news of his primate's behavior. Besides possessing wealth and power above any monarch of his time, he was a man of great ability, decision, and activity. After various but fruitless attempts to bring the
Article #58186
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
It is by no means certain that there was any deadly purpose in the mind of the King when he uttered these hasty words, but those around him put their own interpretation upon them. Four knights, chamberlains of the King, fierce and warlike men, resolved on the desperate service. Reginald
Article #58187
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
The King was greatly troubled on hearing the appalling news of the sacrilegious murder. A feeling of horror ran through Christendom, and the King was branded as an irreligious tyrant, and Becket was worshipped as a martyred saint. His death was attributed to the King's direct orders. For three days
Article #58188
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
About three years after the death of Becket, the King visited his tomb at Canterbury. When he came within sight of the church where the archbishop lay buried, he alighted from his horse, and for three miles walked in the habit of a pilgrim with bare and bleeding feet along
Article #58189
Book #
16049
England (1162 A.D. - 1174 A.D.): Chapter 22
Andrew Miller
By way of helping the reader to form a fair judgment on this long and bitter contest, we offer a few reflections. Nothing, we believe, can give the protestant reader so just an estimate of the real spirit of popery as a history of its ambitious designs, and its unscrupulous
Article #58190
Book #
16049
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
We are now crossing the threshold of the thirteenth century. The great actors and the stirring times of the twelfth have passed away. The reflection is a solemn one. Beyond the line that separates the two states of being, it is well that we cannot pass. And were it not
Article #58191
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
In the New Testament, where all is plain and simple, we only read of two sacraments, or divine institutions, as connected with a saved people—baptism and the Lord's supper. But in both the Greek and Latin churches the number had been greatly increased and variously stated by different theologians. It
Article #58192
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
To attempt an enumeration of all the additions made to the outward observances of religion would be hopeless. Many new rites, ceremonies, usages, holidays, and festivals were added from time to time, both by the pontiffs publicly and by the priests privately. But no priestly invention ever made such way,
Article #58193
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
The worship of the Virgin Mary originally sprang from the ascetic spirit which became so prevalent in the fourth century. Before this period, there is no trace of the worship of Mary. About the same time—the close of the fourth century—it was discovered and circulated that there were in the
Article #58194
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
The origin of saint-worship may be considered as coeval with that of Mary-worship, and the fruit of the same soil. Indeed it is the same thing; only Mary is raised high above all the host of saints and martyrs because of her peculiar sanctity and her great influence in heaven.
Article #58195
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
The history of relic-worship being similar in its character to that of saint-worship, a brief notice will be sufficient. Its origin is the same. The passion, the weakness, it may be, of our nature, for cherishing memorials of beloved ones, was used by the enemy to betray Christians into the
Article #58196
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
Augustine, bishop of Hippo, is said to be the first who suggested the doctrine of a middle state, but his opinions are vague and uncertain. It was not formally received as a dogma of the church of Rome until the time of Gregory the Great, A.D. 600. He has the
Article #58197
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
"Drithelm, whose story is related by authorities no less than Bede and Bellarmine, was led on his journey by an angel in shining raiment, and proceeded in the company of his guide towards the rising sun. The travelers arrived at length in a valley of vast dimensions. This region, to
Article #58198
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
Historically, the use which has been made of this Satanic superstition by the Romish priesthood has been to act upon the fears and affections of mankind. What would the young lady referred to above, or her fond parents, not give to save her five hundred years' torment in that dreadful
Article #58199
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
Like every false system, popery is glaringly inconsistent with itself. Falsehood, the mother of lies, is written upon her forehead, though there may be many honest and godly hearts in her communion. How unlike the perfect unity of divine truth! Though written by so many different persons, on so many
Article #58200
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
The sacraments of the church of Rome being considered necessary to spiritual life, and at the disposal of the priesthood, necessarily gave them enormous power. But none of its many sacraments tended to increase the influence of the priests, or to enslave and lower the morality of the people, more
Article #58201
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
The history of this innovation is not easily traced, neither is it necessary for our purpose. The question of private confession, and of priestly absolution, had often been discussed by the theologians, but no definite law on the subject was laid down by the church till the beginning of the
Article #58202
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
The system of papal indulgences, which gradually rose to such heights and ultimately produced such effects, demands a careful though brief notice. It has ever been the practice of the evil genius of Rome to introduce by small beginnings the greatest evils that characterize her history. Imperceptibly, the thin end
Article #58203
Book #
16050
Rome's Theology: Chapter 23
Andrew Miller
Thus the system of indulgences prevailed more and more extensively as time advanced; and although, in consequence of its glaring abuses, some of the ablest of the schoolmen did not hesitate to express their objections to the trade that was carried on in the sale of indulgences, others wrote in
Article #58204
Book #
16050
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
During the reign of this great pope the Roman See rose to its utmost height. The thirteenth century is commonly distinguished as the noon-day of pontifical glory. We have seen the dawn of papal assumption, or rather the first streaks of dawn, in the bold conceptions of Innocent I. and
Article #58205
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
It has been our desire from the commencement of this work, to study history from a scriptural point of view; but more especially in the light of the epistles to the seven Apocalyptic churches. The evils which were only budding then are now full-blown. In Pergamos, we have Balaam teaching
Article #58206
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
The different features or characteristics of Babylon which the Spirit of God has distinctly shown us in these chapters, and which are most hateful to Him, we shall find most fully displayed in the history of this pontiff. But both reader and writer have to watch against the spirit of
Article #58207
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
A few extracts from the inauguration sermon, and other writings of Innocent, will give the reader the best idea of popish, or Babylonish pretensions. The unmeasured assertion of his dignity, with the loudest protestations of humility, betrays the real spirit of the pope. Thus he spoke out: "Ye see what
Article #58208
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Like a wise man, he commenced his great life-work by reforming his own household. Rigid simplicity was established in the place of courtly luxury. The multitude of nobles and high-born pages who lately thronged the palace were dismissed, but with handsome presents which retained them as friends, and secured their
Article #58209
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
But the imperial city, at this moment, was surrounded by many dangerous neighbors. How to rid himself of these was now the first and important question with Innocent. The fairest provinces of central and southern Italy, even up to the gates of Rome, and the kingdom of Sicily, were under
Article #58210
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
The death of Henry, the jealousies and rivalries of the German chiefs, the exasperated state of the Italians, prepared the way for the full exercise of Innocent's great powers of administration. The cruelties of the Emperor Henry to his Italian subjects had ripened the whole country for revolt. They only
Article #58211
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Before the close of the eventful year over which we have been traveling, Constantia, the Sicilian princess and the German Empress, died. On the 27th of November, 1198, she breathed her last. Her death, it is supposed, was hastened by her maternal solicitude for her infant son, Frederick. He was
Article #58212
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Philip was twenty-two years of age, Otho twenty-three. "In personal character," say the chroniclers, "in wealth, and in the number ofhis adherents, Philip had the advantage. He was praised for his moderation and his love of justice. His mind had been cultivated by literature to a degree then very unusual
Article #58213
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Richard, king of England, and Philip Augustus, king of France—who warmly espoused the cause of Philip—spared no amount of flatteries and professions to win over the pope to the party of their respective candidates. But he delayed, having too many objects in view to be straightforward. In the meantime war
Article #58214
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Peace now seemed to be secured on all sides. Philip had obtained the highest object of his wishes. A proposal of marriage between Otho and Beatrice, the daughter of Philip, had been sanctioned by the pope, under the pretense of healing the long-standing feud between the houses of Swabia and
Article #58215
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
The imperial crown was now on the head of Otho. Not only was he crowned by the hands of Innocent in St. Peter's, at Rome, but he was raised to that dignity by the artful and cruel policy of the apostolic See. But the deceiver was deceived; the traitor was
Article #58216
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Otho had now been three years absent from Germany -three years of unwonted peace in that country—their hands had become strong. The kindred of the young Frederick became anxious for his safety. He was now about eighteen years of age. The pope was quietly consulted. He turned round, saw good
Article #58217
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
We have seen the interference of Innocent in the elevation of three emperors to the throne of Germany, and the policy he pursued in order to obtain more temporal power for the Roman See, and a more extensive dominion over the minds and ways of all mankind. We now follow
Article #58218
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Peter, Cardinal of St. Mary in the Via Lata, was sent as legate into France, with authority, in case of the king's obstinacy, to lay his dominions under the papal ban. But the command to put away his beloved Agnes, and to receive again the hated Ingeburga, the king treated
Article #58219
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Philip Augustus was a proud, haughty, arbitrary prince, not accustomed to brook encroachment quietly. He broke out into paroxysms of fury; he swore by the sword of Charlemagne that he would rather lose half his dominions than part from Agnes of Meran. He threatened the clergy with the last extremities
Article #58220
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
Richard the Lion-hearted, it will be remembered, was the great supporter of Otho, the papal claimant of the empire. England at that time was in close alliance with the See of Rome. After the death of Richard his brother John, the youngest son of Henry II., was raised to the
Article #58221
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
We now leave the civil, and turn more directly to the ecclesiastical history of affairs in England at this interesting moment.
Article #58222
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
In a moment all divine offices throughout the kingdom ceased, except the rite of baptism and extreme unction. "From Berwick to the British Channel," says one account of this fearful malediction, "from the Land's End to Dover, the churches were closed, the bells were silent; the only clergy who were
Article #58223
Book #
16051
Pope Innocent III (1198 A.D. - 1216 A.D.): Chapter 24
Andrew Miller
The papal sentence of deposition against the king of England having been publicly and solemnly promulgated, Philip of France was delegated to execute the decree. The legates placed in his hands a formal commission, directing him by apostolic authority to invade England, depose the king, and take his crown; and
Article #58224
Book #
16051
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
A new field of blood, and an entirely new character of warfare, were now brought before the mind of the voracious priest of Rome. It was a war not against the enemies of the faith abroad, or against the refractory kings at home, but the army of the church warring
Article #58228
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
When we parted with the Paulicians*—the Eastern witnesses for God and His truth—we promised to meet with them again in the regions of the West. It is asserted that in their missionary zeal they spread themselves over Europe; but whether they remained a distinct and characteristic sect, or mingled with
Article #58229
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
2. About the year 1110, a preacher, named Peter de Brueys, began to declaim against the corruptions of the dominant church and the vices of the clergy. As a missionary, he labored chiefly in the south of France, Provence, and Languedoc. And, what may seem strange to us, he was
Article #58230
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
3. The fire which burned Peter de Brueys neither discouraged nor silenced his followers. One of these, named Henry, a monk of Cluny, and a deacon, became a more daring and a more powerful preacher than Peter. In the retirement of his monastery he had devoted himself to the study
Article #58231
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
4. The origin of the Western sectaries, so-called, under the common name of Waldenses, has been the subject of much controversy. One class of writers, favorable to Romanism, with the view of involving them in the common charge of Manicheism, have endeavored to prove that their opinions were of Eastern,
Article #58232
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
From a similarity of names, Peter Valdo, or Waldo, the reformer of Lyons, has frequently been spoken of as the first founder of the Waldensian sect. This we think a mistake, but one easily made, and one which the Romanists eagerly improved as an argument against their antiquity, and one
Article #58233
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
When Waldo fled, his disciples followed him. The dispersion took place similarly to that which arose on the occasion of Stephen's persecution. The effects were also similar; the blessed gospel was more widely disseminated throughout Europe. Their great strength was their possession of the sacred scriptures in their own language.
Article #58234
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
The name of Languedoc was given to these remote provinces of the kingdom, because of the rich, melodious, and flexible language which was then vernacular there. In refinement, wealth, and liberty, both political and religious, they surpassed all the rest of France. The old Roman civilization still lingered in the
Article #58235
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
Such was the state of things in that sunny, peaceful, prosperous region, when a dark thunder-cloud gathered in the horizon. Innocent heard with dismay the progress of the new opinions, and resolved to crush them. With this object in view, he first of all addressed a letter to the prelates
Article #58236
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
Innocent had now obtained what he wished—a decent pretext for the full outpouring of the vials of his wrath. The honors of martyrdom were decreed to the victim; Raymond was denounced as the author of the crime, and proclaimed a spiritual outlaw; and the faithful were called upon to assist
Article #58237
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
In the year 1209, in answer to the call of one man, and he professedly the chief pastor of the church of Christ, three hundred thousand soldiers gathered around the infected provinces. Some of the writers of that age raise the number to half a million, and all wearing in
Article #58238
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
Raymond-Roger, a gallant young man of twenty-four, displayed a braver spirit than his uncle, and resolved to defend his people against the crusaders. His two great cities, Beziers and Carcassonne, were his chief strength. He threw himself into the latter, the stronger place. "The soldiers of the cross -the priests
Article #58239
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
From Beziers, of which nothing now remained but a burning pile, the crusaders moved on in the direction of Carcassonne. As they advanced, they found the country desolate. The terrible example of Beziers struck terror into all hearts. The inhabitants of the defenseless villages fled as they saw the smoking
Article #58240
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
The submission of Count Raymond to the papal terms of reconciliation appears to have been complete. He had surrendered his castles, had undergone the basest personal humiliation, and had accompanied the crusades, notwithstanding his bleeding shoulders, against his own kinsman Roger. Surely the church will be satisfied, express her approbation,
Article #58241
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
The reader has now before him the real, though then concealed, object of these Satan-inspired men. It is the old, the cruel story of Naboth and his vineyard: Jezebel must have the charming regions of the south as her own vineyard; the blood of Naboth the Jezreelite must be shed.
Article #58242
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
Count Raymond hastened to Toulouse; he caused the ban of excommunication, with the hard terms of his absolution, to be publicly read aloud; the citizens were indignant, and declared that they would rather submit to the greatest extremities than accept such shameful conditions. As the news spread from town to
Article #58243
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
Simon de Montfort, as feudal lord of the Viscounty of Beziers and Carcassonne, was bound by his ecclesiastical tenure to extirpate the heretics. He therefore continued his campaign; many towns and castles fell into his hands, some by force, some by panic. In the diocese of Albi, the chief seat
Article #58244
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
From the blazing pile of four hundred human beings and gibbets overloaded with noble lords, the champion of the church advanced to the siege of Toulouse. His numerous conquests had rather inflamed than satisfied his "undisguised rapacity." He hoped to add to his possessions the lordship of Toulouse, and thus
Article #58245
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
The pope was in a difficulty; he yielded to a necessity. He alone had called forth the movement; but the power to control it had slipt from his hold; his agents were only carrying out his instructions; he had no right to complain. Making a virtue of necessity, he sharply
Article #58246
Book #
16052
France (814 A.D. - 1229 A.D.): Chapter 25
Andrew Miller
The conquest appeared to be complete, and the conquerors began to divide the spoil; but Arnold and De Montfort quarreled about the ducal crown of Narbonne. Each claimed the dukedom. The legate had assumed the archbishopric of Narbonne, to which he affirmed the rights of temporal sovereignty were attached; but
Article #58247
Book #
16052
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
By the treaty of Paris, A.D. 1229, the open war against the Languedocians was at an end, but the Inquisition continued its secret, and hardly less destructive crusade. It was not enough that the treachery of Arnold and the sword of Montfort had exterminated these heretics; steps must be taken
Article #58252
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
The following brief notice of the statues against heresy, will give the reader some idea of the unrelenting cruelties of the Catholics, and the oppressed state of the feeble remnant in Languedoc. "The archbishops, bishops, and abbots, were to appoint in every parish one priest, and three or four lay
Article #58253
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
Previous to the reign of Constantine, or to the union of Church and State, heresy and spiritual offenses were punished by excommunications only; but shortly after his death capital punishments were added. Theodosius is generally allowed to have been the first of the Roman Emperors who pronounced heresy to be
Article #58254
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
Under this head, as all know now, the darkest deeds, the most irresponsible tyranny and inhuman cruelties that ever blackened the annals of mankind, might be written; but lengthy details, however painfully interesting, would be out of place in our "Short Papers;" so we will content ourselves with a few
Article #58255
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
Were it not that truth and impartial history demand that the real nature of the papacy should be told, we would much rather not describe, even in the briefest way, those scenes of torture; but few of our young readers in these peaceful times have any idea of the cruel
Article #58256
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
The cruel death by which the Inquisition closed the career of its victims was styled in Spain and Portugal as Auto De Ff, or "Act of Faith," being regarded as a religious ceremony of peculiar solemnity; and to invest the act with greater sanctity, the cruel deed was always done
Article #58257
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
The origin and early history of monachism are carefully traced in the first volume of our "Short Papers;"* but, as it completely changes its character in the thirteenth century, it may be well rapidly to sketch its progress from these early times, and thus more clearly see the contrast. This
Article #58258
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
As nearly all the monastic institutions throughout Europe, for more than six hundred years, were regulated by the Rule of St. Benedict, we need only to give some account of this celebrated order to know the constitution and character of them all. And, as their name is legion, we will
Article #58259
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
The wisdom of this great monk as a legislator, and the superiority of his discipline to all that had previously existed, are mainly found in the place which he gives to manual labor. This was the distinctive feature of the new order—hard, healthy, bodily labor. Monasticism had been hitherto almost
Article #58260
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
Before the death of. Benedict, which took place in 543, his order had been established in France, Spain, and Sicily. It spread rapidly far and wide. Wherever the monks traveled, they converted the wilderness into a cultivated country; they cleared forests, drained morasses, reared stately abbeys with their own hands,
Article #58261
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
It has often been remarked that, where the Spirit of God is working by means of the gospel, and where there are manifest results, in the conversion of souls to Christ, there also the enemy is sure to be active. He will not quietly suffer his kingdom to be invaded.
Article #58262
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
The Benedictines, in course of time, as their numbers increased, sent out missionaries to preach the gospel amongst the nations then plunged in the depths of Paganism. It has been estimated that they were the means of converting upwards of thirty countries and provinces to the Christian faith, or, as
Article #58263
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
As we think it more satisfactory to know the beginning of things, we will now briefly describe the origin and character of these two great pillars of the proud temple of Rome. Up to this time—the beginning of the thirteenth century—the exertions of the popes have been almost entirely confined
Article #58264
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
Contemporary with St. Dominic was his great compeer in ecclesiastical fame, St. Francis, who was to rival, and even exceed, the Spanish monk in celebrity. He was a native of Assisi, a town of Central Italy. The many absurd legends which crowd the pages of his Franciscan biographers need not
Article #58265
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
We are fully aware that all human systems must be examined by the word of God, if we would rightly understand their real character. It is not by contrasting the later with the earlier that we can find out how far they may have wandered from the mind of the
Article #58266
Book #
16053
Monastic Order (480 A.D. - 1275 A.D.): Chapter 26
Andrew Miller
The two rival orders, the Dominicans and Franciscans, not contented with embroiling all Europe in discord, and angry strife, began soon after the decease of their respective founders, to contend with each other for precedence. And although the pontiffs of this and the following centuries used various means to compose
Article #58267
Book #
16053
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
Centuries before Luther nailed his theses to the church door in Wittemburg, the Lord was preparing both nations and individuals for the accomplishment of this great work. The weakening of the papal power and the increasing boldness of the witnesses, foretold what was approaching.
Article #58268
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
Centuries have rolled on since we last looked at the state of things in the sister island. St. Patrick left behind him at his death in 492, a band of well-educated, devoted men, who greatly venerated their master and sought to follow in his footsteps. The fame of Ireland for
Article #58269
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
We have already seen, that the Roman clergy experienced great difficulty in obtaining a permanent footing in Scotland.* The Culdees—whom we are disposed to honor for their works' sake—continued for centuries to resist the encroachments of popery and to maintain their ground, notwithstanding all the efforts put forth by the
Article #58270
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
Jedburgh, one of the noblest abbeys in Scotland, was held by the red friars. Among the donations made to it by a succession of pious benefactors, we find—the tithe of the king's hunting in Teviotdale, a house in Roxburgh, a house in Berwick, pasture for the monks' cattle along with
Article #58271
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
Before the Reformation, according to the most trustworthy accounts, more than the half of the wealth of Scotland belonged to the clergy, and the greater part of this was in the hands of a few individuals. The effect of such a state of things, as it has always been in
Article #58272
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
The word of God, which is able to make men wise unto salvation, was locked up from the people. Even the bishops were not ashamed to confess that they had never read any part of sacred scripture, except what they had met with in their missals. The religious service was
Article #58273
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
From the time of Innocent III. Roman Catholic writers boast of the missionary zeal of the mendicant orders. They are spoken of as most assiduous in visiting prisons, hospitals, and places of imminent peril, in caring for the spiritual wants of the poor; and that they were also the most
Article #58274
Book #
16054
Dawn of the Reformation (1155 A.D. - 1386 A.D.): Chapter 27
Andrew Miller
We have traced, however briefly, the origin, progress, and loftiest height of the papal system. This was reached by the great abilities of Innocent III. But how varied and full of all contrarieties and contradictions is that marvelous and mysterious history! We pause for a moment to reflect on the
Article #58275
Book #
16054
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
From the time of Innocent III. down to the age of the Reformation, the Lord was preparing the way for that great event, by weakening the power of the popes over human governments, and over the minds of men generally. The decline was slow, at least for about a hundred
Article #58276
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
The call was now fiercely sounded and the hymn of battle sung by the emissaries of the pope throughout France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Hungary, and the whole of the West: the kings, princes, and nobles, were besieged and harassed to collect without delay, ships, men, money, arms, and all needed
Article #58277
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
Gregory IX., a near relation of Innocent III., and a staunch disciple of his school, was immediately raised to the pontifical throne with loud and unanimous acclamations. His coronation was of the most gorgeous character. "He returned from St. Peter's, wearing two crowns, mounted on a horse richly caparisoned, and
Article #58278
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
The pope was infuriated; he treated the story of his illness as an empty pretense, and, without waiting or asking for explanation, he launched the sentence of excommunication against the perjured outcast, Frederick of Swabia. This took place within six months from his elevation to the See, and from that
Article #58279
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
In the providence of God this odious crime, which could never be forgotten by the monarchs and people of Europe, must have tended greatly to discredit and weaken the papal power, and to strengthen the hands of the civil ruler against the usurpations and encroachments of the church of Rome.
Article #58280
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
In less than forty years from the promulgation of this famous edict, since known in history as the "Pragmatic Sanction," the proud and imperious pontiff, Boniface VIII., was openly defied by the king of France. He was the first to teach the nations of Europe that the Roman bishops could
Article #58281
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
Burning with rage, Boniface repeated and redoubled his menaces. But Philip now determined on a shorter path to settle the contest. He dispatched a trustworthy officer, Nogaret, with Sciarra Colonna, a member of a noble Italian house which Boniface had ruined and desolated; and who was, of course, the sworn
Article #58282
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
Five hundred and seventy-two years have rolled heavily and drearily over the dark regions of hell since Boniface died by his own suicidal course. What time for reflection, reproach, remorse, despair! Why, oh why, will men, intelligent men, risk an eternity of misery for a few short years of earthly
Article #58283
Book #
16055
Decline of Papal Power (1216 A.D. - 1314 A.D.): Chapter 28
Andrew Miller
We have been at some pains to present to our readers, as fully as our space would admit, the quarrel between Boniface and Philip, as it is one of the great epochs in the papal history. From this moment it sank rapidly and never rose again to the same commanding
Article #58284
Book #
16055
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
In a former chapter we brought down the line of witnesses for the truth of God and the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ to the great Albigensian war, during which so many of them were slain. We have also brought down the history of the papacy to its humiliation
Article #58285
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
The rise of public schools or academies in the twelfth century, and the increase of intellectual activity, no doubt contributed greatly to the weakening of the papacy and the feudal aristocracy. This led the way to the rise and the establishment of the third estate in the realm—the middle classes—and
Article #58286
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
The true pioneers of the Reformation, and the real worthies of ecclesiastical history, are difficult to discover. In humility of mind, and not seeking the praise of men, they walked before the Lord, quietly doing His will. Their ministrations of sympathy, their deeds of charity, their desire to lead souls
Article #58287
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
The chief of this class were such men as Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and our English Chaucer. Soon after the founding of colleges, and the great uprising of the human mind, these four "stars of literature" arose almost simultaneously. It pleased God, in His infinite wisdom, to use the writings of
Article #58288
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
Robert Grostete, or Greathead, an English prelate of the twelfth century, will illustrate what we mean by a theologian, and protester, though not, strictly speaking, a reformer. Like many others in all ages, his views of reformation extended only to the discipline and administration of the church, not to the
Article #58289
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
Enough—yes, we say enough—of the scholastic doctors and the philosophical divines for our present purpose. To wade through a number, and select a few as genuine specimens, is dry and wearisome work. But they form a certain link in the chain of events between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries which
Article #58290
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
Our history naturally reverts to the fatal crusade against the Albigenses in the thirteenth century. That once beautiful region, in some respects the richest and most civilized province in the spiritual empire of St. Peter, we have "seen depopulated and desolated. The peaceful inhabitants had presumed to question the dogmas
Article #58291
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
In the year 1380, a monk inquisitor, named Francis Borelli, was appointed by Clement VII. to search out the heretics in the valleys of Piedmont. Armed with this papal bull, the communes of Fraissiniere and Argentiere were ransacked for heretics. In the space of thirteen years, one hundred and fifty
Article #58292
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
With the twofold object of spreading the pure truth of the gospel, and of finding new and more peaceful settlements, many of them about the close of the fourteenth century left their native valleys and settled in Switzerland, Moravia, Bohemia, various parts of Germany, and probably in England. But the
Article #58293
Book #
16056
Forerunners of the Reformation (1150 A.D. - 1594 A.D.): Chapter 29
Andrew Miller
About the year 1560, Pope Pius IV. was seized with a fit of great zeal against the spread of heresy. It was reported to have taken deep root in several parts of Italy, besides the valleys of Piedmont. The subalpine communities and all infected districts were placed under papal interdicts.
Article #58294
Book #
16056
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Every attentive reader of history must be frequently reminded of that weighty word of warning, given by the apostle: "Be not deceived; God is not mocked; for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." The most solemn and practical illustrations of this divine law in the affairs of
Article #58295
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
The submission of John to Innocent III. was the turning-point in the history of the papacy in this country. In the humiliation of the sovereign the whole nation felt itself to be degraded. Innocent went too far; it was an abuse of assumed power; but it recoiled upon himself in
Article #58296
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
About the year 1349, when Wycliffe had reached his twenty-fourth year, and was rising to some renown in the college, this country was visited by a terrible pestilence, called the "black plague." It is supposed to have made its appearance first in Tartary, and after ravaging various countries in Asia,
Article #58297
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
The fame of Wycliffe, as a defender of truth and liberty, was no longer confined to the university of Oxford. The pope and the cardinals feared him, and minutely watched his proceedings. But on the other hand, the king and the parliament entertained so high an opinion of his integrity
Article #58298
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Although it was now well known that Wycliffe held many anti-papal opinions, he was not yet committed to direct opposition to Rome. But in the year 1374 he was employed in an embassy to the pope, Gregory XI., whose residence was at Avignon. The object of this mission was to
Article #58299
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Wycliffe had now risen to high distinction, and had received many marks of the royal favor. In the end of the year 1375, he was presented by the crown to the rectory of Lutterworth in Leicestershire, which was his home throughout the remainder of his life, although he frequently visited
Article #58300
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Wycliffe was again at liberty. The severities which his persecutors had intended for him were not inflicted, and he continued to preach and instruct the people with unabated zeal and courage. Just about this time there were two popes, or anti-popes; one in Rome, and one in Avignon. This fact
Article #58301
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Without following more minutely the general labors of Wycliffe, or the plottings of his enemies to interrupt him, we will now notice that which was the great work of his useful life—the complete English Version of the Holy Scriptures. We have seen him boldly and fearlessly assailing and exposing the
Article #58302
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
The first attempt at anything like a vernacular translation of a portion of the holy scriptures appears to have been in the seventh century. Down to this period they were only in the Latin tongue in this country, and being chiefly in the hands of the clergy, the people in
Article #58303
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
The humble Christian, the bold witness, the faithful preacher, the able professor, and the great reformer, has passed off the scene. He has gone to his rest and his reward is on high. But the doctrines which he propagated with so much zeal can never die. His name in his
Article #58304
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Wycliffe had organized no sect during his life, but the power of his teaching was manifested in the number and zeal of his disciples after his death. From the but of the peasant to the palace of royalty, they were to be found everywhere under the vague name of "Lollards."
Article #58305
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Down to the beginning of the fifteenth century there had been no statute law in England for the burning of heretics. In all other parts of Christendom the magistrate, as under the old Roman imperial law, had obeyed the mandate of the bishops. England stood alone: without a legal warrant
Article #58306
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
Encouraged by the royal countenance, the clergy drew up the well-known Constitutions of Arundel, which forbade the reading of the Bible and the books of Wycliffe, asserting the pope to be "not of pure man, but of true God, here on the earth." Persecution now raged in England; a prison
Article #58307
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
The victims, under this fresh outbreak of persecution, were of all classes; but the most distinguished for character and for rank was Sir John Oldcastle, who, in right of his wife, sat in parliament as Lord Cobham. He is spoken of as a knight of the highest military reputation, and
Article #58308
Book #
16057
Wycliffe's Tertimony and Triumph (1324 A.D. - 1417 A.D.): Chapter 30
Andrew Miller
The once valiant knight, the man whom the King honored, was now ignominiously dragged on a hurdle to St. Gile's-in-the-Fields, and there suffered a double execution. He was suspended on a gallows over a slow fire, and then burned to death. Many persons of rank and distinction were present. Before
Article #58309
Book #
16057
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
It is truly satisfactory to know, that the blessed soul-saving truths of the gospel, which had been taught by Wycliffe and his followers, were already producing results of a wide and lasting importance: that in spite of all the burnings and slayings of Rome, they were sinking deep into the
Article #58310
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
At the commencement of the fifteenth century, the Roman Catholic church had two heads—two rival popes, Benedict XIII. at Avignon, and Gregory XII. at Rome. Each claimed to be the representative of Christ on earth, and each accused the other before the world of falsehood, perjury, and the most nefarious
Article #58311
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
Constance, an imperial city on the German side of the Alps, was agreed upon as a suitable place for the gathering of such an assembly. It was accessible from all parts of the world, and provisions could be more easily obtained by means of its spacious lake. So great was
Article #58312
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
England had brought the two countries into close connection, just at the moment when the doctrines of Wycliffe were making their most rapid progress. "Bohemian scholars," says Milman, "sat at the feet of the bold professor of theology at Oxford; English students were found at Prague. The writings of Wycliffe
Article #58313
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
Good man as John Huss was, he had overlooked the wholesome advice of the apostle. He first became involved in a university quarrel as to the privileges of the students; and again his opposition to Gregory XII. gave great offense to the archbishop of Bohemia, who sided with the anti-pope.
Article #58314
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The agitation which these events had produced was not allayed when the Council of Constance assembled. The emperor Sigismund, who had convened the council, requested his brother the king, Wenceslaus, to send Huss to Constance, and promised him a safe-conduct. The terms of this passport were very explicit; it required
Article #58315
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
In the first movement against Huss, the archbishop of Prague instituted a vigilant search for the translations of Wycliffe's writings; and having collected about two hundred volumes, many of them richly bound and decorated with precious ornaments, he caused them to be publicly burnt in the market-place at Prague. Much
Article #58316
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The following day Huss stood a third time before the council. Thirty-nine propositions were produced and read, alleging errors which he had advanced in his writings, his preachings, and his private conversations. Huss, like most reformers, held the doctrine of salvation by grace without works of law. He affirmed that
Article #58317
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The court being cleared of the prisoner, the emperor rose and said, "You have heard the charges against Huss, some confessed by himself, some proved by trustworthy witnesses. In my judgment each of these crimes is deserving of death. If he does not forswear all his errors, he must be
Article #58318
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
On the morning of July 6th, 1415, the council met in the cathedral. Huss, as a heretic, was detained in the porch while Mass was celebrated. The bishop of Lodi preached from the text, "That the body of sin might be destroyed." (Rom. 6:6.) It would be difficult to say,
Article #58319
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The archbishop of Milan and six assisting bishops performed the inglorious ceremony of degradation. Huss was clothed in priestly garments, the sacramental cup was put into his hand, and he was led to the high altar as if about to celebrate Mass. The devoted martyr calmly observed, "that his Redeemer
Article #58320
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The news of the imprisonment of Huss greatly affected his friend and fellow-laborer, Jerome of Prague. He followed him to the council; but being warned by Huss of his danger, and finding that a safe-conduct could not be obtained, he left for Bohemia; but he was arrested, and brought back
Article #58321
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
On the 30th of May, 1416, Jerome was delivered to the secular arm. The council vainly thought that, by making the civil magistrate the executioner of its unrighteous decrees, it would avoid the enduring stain of blood; but God is not mocked. He hath said of the mother of harlots,
Article #58322
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The reader can be at no loss to judge of the principles which govern Roman Catholics in their treatment of Protestants, or heretics, so-called, with the Council of Constance before him. The character of Jezebel never changes; as it then was, so is it today, and so it shall ever
Article #58323
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The martyrdom of the Bohemian doctors had aroused a general feeling of national as well as religious indignation. The Emperor, the pope, and the prelates had very soon to pay bitterly for their flagrant injustice and the fires of Constance. Retribution swiftly followed. Four hundred and fifty-two nobles and knights
Article #58324
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, died just at this time from a fit of apoplexy; and as he left no heir, Bohemia fell by inheritance to his brother Sigismund. This change was the signal for open war on the part of the reformers. Sigismund was execrated as a traitor; he had
Article #58325
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The broken-hearted Emperor was now accused of personal cowardice. A fifth crusade was resolved upon; it was to be conducted by a cardinal. Preparations were made on a very great scale. Four large armies, amounting to about two hundred thousand men, crossed the Bohemian frontier. The force which the Taborites
Article #58326
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The Hussites were not all of one mind as to a proposed treaty; so they divided and formed two parties. The Calixtines—from Calix, a cup—the more moderate party, were disposed to waive all other subjects of complaint, provided the cup was restored to the laity, with permission to read the
Article #58327
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
The first migration to Moravia was in 1451. Many of the citizens of Prague, with some of the nobility and learned men, and even some of the most pious of the Calixtines, joined them. They now assumed the name of Unitas Fratrum, or the
United Brethren.
This was the
Article #58328
Book #
16058
Bohemia (1409 A.D. - 1471 A.D.): Chapter 31
Andrew Miller
reader's mind the interesting fact of an early connection between them and the Waldenses, if not the Paulicians. Bohemia and Moravia continued in heathenism as late as the ninth century when they received the gospel from Eastern missionaries; probably also from the Paulicians. Peter Waldo, in the twelfth century, driven
Article #58329
Book #
16058
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
Andrew Miller
In the year 1453, after a close siege of fifty-three days, the capital of Eastern Christendom fell into the hands of the victorious Turks. The Emperor, who bore the name of the founder of Constantinople, displayed great valor in the siege; he threw off his purple and fought in the
Article #58330
Book #
16059
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
Andrew Miller
Just at this period the Lord was making "all things work together for good" in a most remarkable way. Two silent agents of immense influence and power were ordained to precede the living voices of His gospel-preachers—the invention of printing and the manufacture of paper. These harmonious inventions were brought
Article #58331
Book #
16059
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
Andrew Miller
All historians seem to agree, that Guttenberg, having spent nearly ten years in bringing his experiments to perfection, had so impoverished himself that he found it necessary to invite some capitalist to join him. John Faust, the wealthy goldsmith of Mentz, to whom he made known his secret, agreed to
Article #58332
Book #
16059
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
Andrew Miller
But, as usual, the great enemies of truth and light and liberty took the alarm. The archbishop of Mentz placed the printers of that city under strict censorship. Pope Alexander VI. issued a bull prohibiting the printers of Mentz, Cologne, Treves, and Magdeburg from publishing any books without the express
Article #58333
Book #
16059
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
Andrew Miller
We have traced with some care the chain of witnesses from the earliest period of the church's history till the beginning of the sixteenth century; we have only further to notice a few names which connect the noble line with the name and testimony of the great Reformer. There is
Article #58334
Book #
16059
Printed Word of God (1397 A.D. - 1516 A.D.): Chapter 32
Andrew Miller
The prior of St. Mark's is spoken of in history, as the most faithful public witness for Christ that had yet appeared in Italy; but there was much in his course that was contrary to
Article #58335
Book #
16059
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
The exclusive dominion of the Latin or Roman church was now drawing to a close. Since the pontificate of Gregory the Great, or for nearly a thousand years, she had reigned supreme. But the oppressed Teuton was now raising the arm of rebellion against the tyranny of the Roman. The
Article #58336
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
Comparatively few in our peaceful times have any idea of the real nature and the comprehensive grasp of popery. During the long period of the middle ages it was fully developed; but its nature remains unchanged until the present hour. Times and circumstances have changed, not popery. The clergy, including
Article #58337
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
Such, as we have now described, was the unlimited power of the Romish priesthood at the beginning of this century. No man was independent of the priest. He was lord of the human conscience. His power was absolute both over body and soul, over time and eternity. None could afford
Article #58338
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
family, which had long dwelt in the domains of the Counts of Mansfeld, in Thuringia. "I am the son of a peasant," he used to say; "my father, my grandfather, and my great-grandfather, were honest peasants." His father, John Luther, soon after his marriage removed to Eisleben in Saxony. There
Article #58339
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
At the age of fourteen Martin had learned all that could be taught at Mansfeld, and having given some promise of proficiency, his father sent him to the Franciscan school at Magdeburg. But the severity of Luther's education did not cease when he left his father's house and the hard
Article #58340
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
One day, as Luther was returning from his labors, greatly disappointed and disheartened, having sung before three successive houses unrewarded, a door suddenly opened; a woman appeared on the threshold, who invited him to come in, and relieved his wants. This was the kind-hearted Ursula, the wife of Conrad Cotta.
Article #58341
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
In the year 1501, Luther arrived at the University in Erfurt, then the most distinguished in Germany. He had reached his eighteenth year and entered with great eagerness into the studies of manhood. "My father," says Luther, "maintained me there with much love and faithfulness, and supported me by the
Article #58342
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
In a state of trembling anxiety about the salvation of his soul, he was one day searching the library at Erfurt for something new, when the hand of God directed him to a Bible. He read the title page—it is indeed the Holy Bible! He was greatly excited and interested
Article #58343
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
"Scripture in hand, diligent in study, what is my safeguard as to understanding it? My own competency? Its suitability to what is in me and around, which is most divinely true? Oh, no!... Let man humbly take his place of subjection, and God will not deny Himself—the Spirit never fails
Article #58344
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
Encouraged by the dignities and the popularity which he had gained, he felt disposed, with returning health, to apply himself entirely to the study of law; and began to teach the ethics of Aristotle with other branches of philosophy. While thus engaged in secular pursuits, a singular and solemn event
Article #58345
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
The motives by which Luther was actuated in taking this hasty step he thus explains about sixteen years later: "I was never in heart a monk, nor was it to mortify the lust of my fleshly appetites, but, tormented with horror and the fear of death, I took a forced
Article #58346
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
Having obtained some relaxation from his menial duties, Luther now returned to his studies with fresh zeal. Reading and meditation were his delight. The works of the Fathers, especially of St. Augustine, attracted his attention. In a certain spot of the convent there was a Bible fastened by a chain,
Article #58347
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
John Staupitz, whom the Lord sent to Luther with a message of mercy, was vicar-general of the Augustines for all Germany. Historians speak of him in the highest terms. "He was indeed of noble descent," says one, "but he was far more illustrious through the power of his eloquence, the
Article #58348
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
This is the simple story of Luther's conversion, and a genuine conversion it was, through the grace of God; but, so far as Luther's mind was concerned, it was not a very solid work. The measure and character of the truth presented by Staupitz and the old monk could not
Article #58349
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
He had spent three eventful years in the cloister at Erfurt. But these years were not lost to him. The general cultivation of his mind, the discipline of his soul, his study of Hebrew and Greek, were so many branches of needed education for his future career in the Lord's
Article #58350
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1483 A.D. - 1517 A.D.): Chapter 33
Andrew Miller
Some disputes having arisen between the vicar-general and several of the Augustinian monasteries, Luther was selected as a fit person to represent the whole matter before His Holiness in Rome. It was necessary, in the wisdom of God, that Luther should know Rome. As a monk in the far north,
Article #58351
Book #
16060
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The avarice of the Roman clergy, and the superstition of the people, had been greatly excited by the Crusades. For two hundred years these were the source of enormous wealth and power to the church, and of incalculable misery, ruin, and degradation to the nations of Europe. In these so-called
Article #58352
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The calculations of the number cannot be easy or accurate; but we are assured by those who assisted at the ceremony, that there were always about two hundred thousand present in the city, and the total concourse of the year has been fixed at two millions. The wealth which flowed
Article #58353
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
Leo the tenth ascended the papal throne in the year 1513. He was the third son of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, and brought with him to the pontifical court the refined, luxurious, and expensive style of his family. Besides, Michael Angelo had furnished him with finished design of St.
Article #58354
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The speculation of Leo was a great commercial success. He sent out suitable agents into different parts of Europe with sacks of indulgences and dispensations. For a given amount a dispensation could be purchased to eat meat on Fridays and fast days, to marry one's near relation, and to indulge
Article #58355
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
Take the following extracts as a specimen of the blasphemous speeches of this daring impostor, and all under the sanction of the pope and the archbishop of the place.
Article #58356
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
Things were now coming to a crisis. Luther, who had been watching narrowly the progress of Tetzel, stepped forward; made his grand appeal to the common sense and to the conscience of the German people; nailed his theses to the church door at Wittemberg, and in ninety-five propositions challenged the
Article #58357
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
In the spring of 1518 a general assembly of the Augustinian order was held at Heidelberg: Luther, by invitation, was present. His friends, knowing the designs and treachery of the Dominicans, did all they could to dissuade him from going; but Luther was not the man to be hindered by
Article #58358
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
Some of his friends, concerned for the safety of his valuable life, attempted to dissuade him from his purpose; but regardless of danger, and confiding in the watchful care of divine providence, he was determined to appear. In his monk's brown frock, he started on foot from Wittemberg, and accompanied
Article #58359
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The papal legate soon saw the general popularity of Luther's cause, and adopted a course directly opposite to that of the haughty Cajetan. He approached him with great demonstrations of friendliness, addressing him as "My dear Martin." His grand object was to allure the Reformer by flattery and deception to
Article #58360
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
Here we may pause for a moment and note some of the great actors which now crowd the scene of this busy apoch. The age of the Reformation is one of the most remarkable in history for great men and great events.
Article #58361
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
We return to Luther and the close of the debate at Leipsic. Dr. Eck, the famous papal theologian, irritated by his defeat, and burning with rage against Luther, hurried away to Rome that he might obtain a bull of excommunication against his opponent. Unable to refute the earnest and fervent
Article #58362
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
Leo, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, thus defied by Luther, son of the miner of Mansfield, turned to Charles for help. He reminded the youthful emperor of the vows he had just taken—as the
advocate and defender
of the church; and called upon him to inflict due punishment upon
Article #58363
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The monk of Erfurt, armed with the word of God, and confidence in the divine presence, had put to flight the army of indulgence-sellers, had gained an easy victory over the pope's legate at Augsburg, and the champions of the papacy in the halls of Leipsic. He had also replied
Article #58364
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The young Emperor was encompassed with difficulties. Placed between the papal nuncio and the Elector, to whom he was indebted for his crown, what must he do? He wished to please both: to spare or to sacrifice a monk was a small consideration with Charles, but not so in the
Article #58365
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
To one who had been educated and trained amid the retirement of a cloister, the sight of such an assembly must have been overwhelming. There sat Charles, sovereign of half the world. And there on either side of him were ranged the peers and potentates of the German empire—bishops and
Article #58366
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
For a moment Luther felt troubled; his eye was off the blessed Lord; he was thinking of the many great princes before whom he had to stand; his faith grew weak; he was like Peter when he looked at the waves in place of the Person of Christ; he felt
Article #58367
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
The fruits of his prayer were soon to be seen. Finding himself again standing before Charles, the chancellor began by saying, "Martin Luther, Yesterday you begged for a delay, which has now expired.... Reply, therefore, to the question put by his Majesty. Will you defend your books, or will you
Article #58368
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1517 A.D. - 1521 A.D.): Chapter 34
Andrew Miller
That such a thing should have happened at all, was of itself a signal victory over the papacy. His entry into Worms was like a triumphal procession. There, although a twice-condemned, excommunicated heretic and cut off from all human society, he is privileged to stand before the most august assembly
Article #58369
Book #
16061
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The sudden and mysterious disappearance of Luther caused no small anxiety to his friends and triumph to his foes. The most extraordinary rumors were circulated throughout the provinces, so that Luther's name, and character, and works, were more eagerly talked of now than ever. But as secrecy was necessary to
Article #58370
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
Here we may pause a moment, and learn a useful lesson. Like a chained eagle, Luther sits all day in the midst of the dark forests of Thuringia, gloomily brooding over the degraded state of the church and clergy, and violently agitated as to the results of the diet of
Article #58371
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
During his absence at the Wartburg there was found no one among his followers who was properly qualified to maintain the reformed doctrines, or direct the reformed community. The mild and peaceful scholar, Philip Melancthon, had a gentle and fruitful mind well fitted to enrich others but unsuited for the
Article #58372
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
When peace was established he turned to his favorite object—the translation of the New Testament; and after it had undergone the more critical revision of Melancthon, he published it in the September of 1522. The appearance of such a work, and at a time when the minds of all men
Article #58373
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The mighty movement on which we have now entered knew no limit, no end. The awakening in the German empire, the revival of the gospel, and the rising interests of the Reformation, had deeply affected the general state of Europe. Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, Spain, France, and the
Article #58374
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The rapid diffusion of Luther's New Testament, and the immense effect which it produced in the homes of the people, awakened the deepest apprehensions of the papal party. The temporal powers, influenced by the ecclesiastics, prohibited, under the most severe penalties, the circulation of the condemned book. One of the
Article #58375
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
Soon after Luther's return from Wartburg, the States of the empire assembled in Diet at Nuremberg. The bishops, who formed a numerous portion of the assembly, called loudly for the execution of the sentence which had been given against the arch-heretic. But after some altercation, and without coming to any
Article #58376
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The papal party rose up in a body, and shouted for vengeance on Luther; but the great body of the temporal princes judged rather that the moment had arrived when they might shake off the burden and the bondage of Rome under which they had so long groaned, and of
Article #58377
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
While the Reformation, through the instrumentality of Luther, was gathering strength, and spreading rapidly in all parts of Europe, several evils arose to retard its progress and disgrace its character.
Article #58378
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
After the death of Munzer and the destruction or dispersion of the peasants, another sect arose, usually called Anabaptists, because they immersed all their converts after they had been already christened. This sect greatly troubled and perplexed the Reformers. What the Gnostics were to the Fathers, what the Manicheans were
Article #58379
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
In the same year that the Anabaptists made their appearance (1524), a long and pernicious controversy arose among those who had withdrawn from the Romish communion, respecting the manner in which the body and blood of Christ are present in the sacred supper. Luther and his adherents, while they renounced
Article #58380
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The troubled state of the European nations, the frequent wars between Charles V. and Francis I., and the threatening attitude of the Turks, so occupied and perplexed the Emperor, that during several years he could not give much attention to the concerns of Germany, and especially to the difficult subject,
Article #58381
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The Diet of Spires, which opened in June 1526, was to strike the decisive blow. Ferdinand, the Emperor's brother, presided. The oft-repeated imperial message to the diet was read. It demanded that all contentions respecting religious subjects should cease; that the church customs should be maintained entire; that the edict
Article #58382
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
In the early spring of 1529, the Emperor called the famous Second Diet of Spires. The states of the empire assembled with great readiness. "The papal party especially mustered all their forces and assumed a warlike and insulting attitude. Never on any like occasion had there appeared so large an
Article #58383
Book #
16062
Luther: German Reformation (1521 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 35
Andrew Miller
The discussions which arose on this subject were long and often furious. The Catholics had their most able and artful disputants present, such as the celebrated Eck. To the oft-repeated cry, "The execution of the edict of Worms," was now added, "The abrogation of the edict of Spires." But the
Article #58384
Book #
16062
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
The
Protest
of the Reformers at the second Diet of Spires, in 1529, forms a distinct epoch in the history of the Reformation and of the church. At the same time, we must bear in mind that Protestantism is not a novelty. The antiquity of the Roman Catholic religion
Article #58385
Book #
16063
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
"And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven stars; I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead. Be watchful, and strengthen the things which remain, that are
Article #58386
Book #
16063
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
In illustration of our exposition of the Epistle to Sardis, and in proof of what we have said of the constitution of the Lutheran churches, we will now refer to their original organization. And that the truth on this point may be fairly and fully stated, we will quote from
Article #58387
Book #
16063
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
The Reformation in Germany can hardly be said to have begun with the lower classes. In Switzerland the movement was democratic, in Germany it was imperial. The princes stood in the front rank of the battle, and sat on the first bench in the council. "The democratic organization," says D'Aubigne,
Article #58388
Book #
16063
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
In the year 1525, Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, died. He had been the friend and protector of Luther, though not much of a reformer. John, his brother and successor, was of a very different character. He was a thorough Lutheran and reformer. In ecclesiastical matters he assumed an
Article #58389
Book #
16063
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
By the efforts of the popish party at the second Diet of Spires in 1529, the edict issued against Luther at Worms in 1521 was confirmed, and all innovations in religion were forbidden. Against this decision the majority of the evangelical princes entered their solemn and deliberate protest.* But not
Article #58390
Book #
16063
Protestantism: Germany (1526 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 36
Andrew Miller
The apprehensions of the princes, as to the intentions of the Emperor, were now confirmed. His violent treatment of the deputies, and his present friendship with the pope, were significant signs of the severe measures he was meditating. The Protestant leaders now thought that it was high time for them
Article #58391
Book #
16063
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
The doctrine of the
real presence
of Christ in the Eucharist had been established in the Romish church since the fourth Lateran Council in the year 1215. For three hundred years the mass and transubstantiation had been the principal bulwarks of Rome, and her greatest blasphemy. The idea of
Article #58392
Book #
16064
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
Ulric Zwingle, the great Swiss Reformer, and compeer of Luther, differed entirely from both the teaching of Rome and the Saxon Reformers as to the real presence of Christ in the holy supper. The Swiss had long held opinions contrary alike to the Roman and the Saxon. At an early
Article #58393
Book #
16064
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
Andrew Bodenstein, better known as Dr. Carlstadt, once a professor at Wittemberg, commenced the attack. This man has the reputation of having been both able and learned, and really devoted to the cause of the Reformation;, from his extreme views on that subject and the impetuosity of his spirit, his
Article #58394
Book #
16064
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
Such were the christian doctors, and such their feelings, whom the political Landgrave sought unweariedly to reconcile. The thought is a truly humiliating one, and casts a dark shade over the character of Luther. Philip, in his pacific exertions, showed much more of a christian spirit on this and former
Article #58395
Book #
16064
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
The senate of Zurich had positively refused to allow Zwingle to go to Marburg, lest any harm should befall him. But he felt that his presence at the conference was necessary for the welfare of the church, and that he must go! Accordingly he prepared for his journey, and started
Article #58396
Book #
16064
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
The conference was ended, and nothing had been done towards unanimity. Philip and other mediators endeavored at least to establish an understanding of mutual toleration and unity. The theologians, one after another, were invited into his private chamber: there he pressed, entreated, warned, exhorted, and conjured them. "Think," said he,
Article #58397
Book #
16064
The Sacramentarian Controversy (1529 A.D.): Chapter 37
Andrew Miller
With feelings of the deepest gratitude and the most unfeigned humiliation, we would pause awhile, and meditate on the late scenes at Marburg. With gratitude to God for having given such publicity to the teaching of scripture on the subject of the Lord's supper; but with mourning and humiliation over
Article #58398
Book #
16064
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
When we last parted with the Emperor and the pope, they were spending the winter months together at Bologna. Charles arrived in great state on the 5th of November, 1529. When the news of his approach reached Rome, Clement hastened, in full ecclesiastical pomp, to meet his majesty. The Emperor
Article #58399
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
The Emperor at length came to the conclusion that it would be unjust to follow the Council of the Vatican, and a violation of the imperial laws of Germany, to condemn worthy citizens unheard, and to make war against them. He, accordingly, in the month of January, 1530, sent his
Article #58400
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
When the Emperor's reasons for the convocation of the diet were known, the elector instructed the divines of Wittemberg to prepare a formula of confession. Up to this time no standard of the faith of the reformers had been published; and as the Emperor was surrounded by all the prejudices
Article #58401
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
Gattinara, the Emperor's chancellor, died at Innspruck. This was considered a great loss to the reformers. He was a man of good sense and moderation, and decidedly opposed to the sanguinary views of the papal party. He possessed great influence over the mind of the Emperor, and was the only
Article #58402
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
Before the business of the diet commences, it may be well to place in order the principal leaders on both sides. On that of the papists there were the Emperor, his brother Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, the pope's legate Campeggio, two nuncios Pimpinella and
Article #58403
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
The great religious controversy, which commenced with an obscure humble monk on Saxony, now gathered around the avowed defender of the faith forty-two sovereign princes, besides many ambassadors, counts, nobles, bishops, deputies from the cities, etc., etc., forming a most illustrious assembly.
Article #58404
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
The Trinity—Original sin—The Person and work of Christ -Justification—The Holy Spirit and the word of God—Works, their necessity and acceptance—The Church—Unworthy members—Baptism—The Lord's supper—Repentance -Confession—Sacraments—Ministering in the church -Ceremonies—Civil institutions—Judgment and the future state—Free will—The causes of sin—Faith and good works -Prayer and the invocation of saints.
Article #58405
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
The Mass—The Communion in both kinds—Auricular Confession—The distinction of Meats and Traditions—The Marriage of Priests—Monastic vows—The Ecclesiastical Power.
Article #58406
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
As six weeks must elapse before we can hear the refutation of the Confession, we may turn our attention to the proceedings of the contending parties during that period.
Article #58407
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
The Emperor having failed to draw away the leading princes from the Evangelical Confession, the legate and his deputies used every exertion to gain over some of the leading divines, especially Philip Melancthon. He had manifested great uneasiness at the secret conferences between the Emperor and the princes, and proposed
Article #58408
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D.): Chapter 38
Andrew Miller
"There is no doctrine," writes Melancthon to Campeggio, "in which we differ from the Roman Catholic Church; we venerate the universal authority of the Roman pontiff, and we are ready to obey him, provided he does not reject us, and that of his clemency, which he is accustomed to show
Article #58409
Book #
16065
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
On the 13th of July, or rather less than three weeks after the reading of the Protestant Confession, the popish divines presented their reply to the Emperor. It consisted of two hundred and eighty pages; but the style was so abusive and violent, that Charles would not allow it to
Article #58410
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
John, the good Elector of Saxony, nobly answered for himself and his friends, "That they would do anything for peace which they could do with a safe conscience; and, if convicted of any error by scriptural authority, they would readily renounce it. But he desired a copy of the Refutation,
Article #58411
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
So violent was the tumult produced in the diet by the Protestants rejecting the Emperor's proposals, that the Electors of Mayence and Brandenburg interposed, and requested the Emperor to accept their offices for the private and amicable arrangement of the differences. This being agreed to, mediators were appointed. They were
Article #58412
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
What divines and princes had failed to accomplish, the great Charles, no doubt, thought would soon be done by his personal influence. But he was bitterly disappointed. He probably never understood the real nature of the dispute; at least he could not understand the power of conscience enlightened by the
Article #58413
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
The Emperor now ordered a committee to be chosen for framing a decree, and required the Elector of Saxony to stay four days longer, that he might hear the draft of it. The commissioners appointed for drawing up this decree, were the Electors of Mayence and Brandenburg, the Archbishop of
Article #58414
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
No study is dry and barren, and no time is misspent, that leads us to a deeper knowledge of God, and to a more intimate acquaintance with His ways. To see His hand guiding and overruling the most complicated affairs of men for the accomplishment of His own gracious purposes,
Article #58415
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
There is nothing more interesting, in connection with the history of the Reformation, than the overruling hand of a divine providence in the midst of its enemies. The persons, the writings, and the testimony of God's chosen witnesses are guarded and protected by means the least thought of and the
Article #58416
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
Immediately after the dissolution of the Diet of Augsburg, and the issuing of its menacing decree, the Elector of Saxony and his associates proceeded to adopt such measures as appeared most likely to avert its effects, and to prepare without delay for the worst extremities. The dread of those calamities
Article #58417
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
On the 29th of March, 1531, the Protestants opened their second assembly at Smalcald. The league, though at first limited to Protestant electors, princes, and states, was now extended so as to include those, who, whatever might be their religious sentiments, were opposed to the Emperor, and protested against the
Article #58418
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
The warlike aspect of the confederates, and the position of Charles in his Turkish war, led him to court the friendship of the Protestants rather than to provoke hostilities with them. He greatly needed their assistance, and sent his order for men and money. But they refused to furnish their
Article #58419
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
The Protestants, now conscious of their own strength, replied to the mediators, "That the Emperor should proclaim forthwith a general religious peace; that the two parties should be prohibited from offering any sort of insult or molestation to each other; that the Imperial Chamber should be instructed to suspend the
Article #58420
Book #
16066
The Diet of Augsburg, Germany (1530 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 39
Andrew Miller
It may be interesting to notice here, how uniformly historians attribute this great triumph of the Reformers to the direct intervention of God. "It is indeed true," says Waddington, "that it was not by the physical power of the Protestants, still less by the moral authority of their doctrine, but
Article #58421
Book #
16066
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
In studying the history of the Reformation in Germany, and that of Switzerland, the heart is greatly refreshed in observing the perfect unity of the Spirit's operations in both countries. Nationally, politically, and socially, they were widely different. The great monarchical system of Germany, and the thirteen small republics of
Article #58422
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
The family of the Zwingles was ancient, respectable, and at this time in great esteem in the county of Tockenburg—a small district of lofty mountains and narrow valleys, covered with wood and pasturage. Ulric was the third son; he had five brothers and a sister. He was born on New
Article #58423
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
After having gone through his course of theology, and taken the degree of Master of Arts, he was chosen—the same year, A.D. 1506—by the community of Glaris to be their pastor. There he remained for ten years, faithfully discharging his professional duties while diligently studying the Holy Scriptures. During this
Article #58424
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
In the autumn of 1516, Zwingle received an invitation from the governors of the Benedictine monastery of Einsidlen, in the canton of Schweitz, to be pastor and preacher in the church of the Virgo Eremitana—"Our Lady of the Hermitage." The hand of the Lord in bringing his servant to Einsidlen
Article #58425
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
He began with the governor. "Study the scriptures," said Zwingle to Geroldseck: "a time may soon come when Christians will not set great store either by St. Jerome or any other doctor, but solely by the word of God." He acted on the prophetic words of the Reformer himself, and
Article #58426
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
Admiring friends might have given a somewhat embellished representation of Zwingle's discourses, but the effects produced, according to the record of the times, plainly prove his great power over the multitudes of pilgrims. "Language so unexpected produced impressions difficult to describe. Admiration and indignation were painted alternately on every face
Article #58427
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
After remaining nearly three years in Einsidlen, Zwingle received an invitation from the provost and canons of the cathedral church of Zurich to become their pastor and preacher. During his residence at Einsidlen he had become known to many persons of great consideration, and the number of his friends had
Article #58428
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
Before accepting the office, he had stipulated that he should not be confined in his preaching to the lessons publicly read, or to certain passages appropriated to the festivals and different Sundays in the year; but that he should be allowed to explain every part of the Bible. He saw
Article #58429
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
In the month of August, 1518, the bull of Pope Leo X. for the sale of indulgences throughout Christendom, was published in Switzerland. One Bernardin Samson, a Franciscan monk of Milan, to whom the pope gave his commission, crossed the Italian Alps with his long procession of attendants. He executed
Article #58430
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1484 A.D. - 1522 A.D.): Chapter 40
Andrew Miller
The zeal of Zwingle, in assailing and expelling the vendors of indulgences from the diocese of the bishop of Constance, was much applauded by that prelate. And John Faber, his vicar, then the warm friend of Zwingle, wrote to him in terms of kindness and esteem; exhorting him "resolutely to
Article #58431
Book #
16067
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
Having rapidly traced the course of proceedings in the successive scenes of Zwingle's labors in the three cantons, Glaris, Schweitz, and Zurich, we will now pass on to other scenes and make ourselves acquainted with some of those devoted men whom God raised up and fitted for the same blessed
Article #58432
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
Who could fail to see and adore the good providence and sovereign grace of God in this noble array of witnesses for Christ and His gospel! So many different men, in so many different places—as if by concert—all studying the same truths, from the same motives, with the same desires,
Article #58433
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
It was in the course of the year 1520—as we have already seen—that the civil authorities of Zurich first interfered with the work of the Reformation. The effect produced upon the middle and lower classes by the preaching of Zwingle then began to display itself. In addition to the subject
Article #58434
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
In the year 1522, the new doctrines had made such progress at Zurich, as not only to cause the bishop but the senate considerable anxiety. The divisions and confusion that had prevailed for some time in the city were evidently on the increase. And the monks, encouraged by their superiors,
Article #58435
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
In July, 1522, he addressed to the members of the Helvetic Confederation at large, a "Pious and Friendly Exhortation," "not to obstruct the preaching of the gospel, or discountenance the marriage of the clergy." "Fear nothing," he said to the heads of the cantons, "from granting us this liberty; there
Article #58436
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
As we mentioned in connection with the early days of our Reformer, that he had five brothers, it may be interesting to notice, that they were all alive at this period of his history, and, hearing such reports concerning Ulric's apostasy, they manifested great uneasiness about their brother, and wished
Article #58437
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
In compliance with the request of Zwingle, already noticed, the senate of Zurich proclaimed a conference for the discussion, or the composing, of religious differences, to be held on January 29th, 1523. This was the first of those public disputations which, under the overruling providence of God, so rapidly advanced
Article #58438
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
As the theses of Zwingle may be considered the creed of the Swiss Reformers, it will be satisfactory to the reader, briefly to state the most important of these propositions.
Article #58439
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
At an early hour on the morning of the 29th, great numbers, say the chroniclers, thronged the hall of conference. All the clergy of the city and canton, with many others from distant parts, were present, and a numerous company of citizens, scholars, men of rank, and other persons of
Article #58440
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
The promulgation of this decree, according to Hess, gave a powerful impulse to the progress of the Reformation in Switzerland. And the effect of Zwingle's address in the hall was most favorable to himself and his doctrines. "His simplicity, firmness, and gentleness inspired his audience with great veneration; his eloquence
Article #58441
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
Notwithstanding the immense power and popularity which Zwingle gained by the result of the conference in January, he was in no haste to promote alterations. His great object was to instruct the people, remove their prejudices, and bring them to oneness of mind before recommending any great changes. He therefore
Article #58442
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
The 26th of October, 1523, was the day fixed for the second disputation; and the subjects to be discussed were—"whether the worship of images was authorized by the gospel, and whether the mass ought to be preserved or abolished." The assembly was much more numerous than the preceding; above nine
Article #58443
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
assembly. "Until this hour," exclaimed Schmidt, the commander of Kussnacht, "ye have all gone after idols. The dwellers in the plains have run to the mountains, and those of the mountains have gone to the plains; the French to Germany, and the Germans to France. Now ye know whither ye
Article #58444
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1522 A.D. - 1523 A.D.): Chapter 41
Andrew Miller
All who know something of the value of the word of God, must reflect with supreme satisfaction on the rule by which these disputations were governed. We can never be too thankful for such an appreciation of the holy scriptures. In this respect Zwingle did a great and a noble
Article #58445
Book #
16068
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
The authorities, though convinced that neither the mass nor the use of images could be justified by the word of God, did not think it expedient to abolish by law either the one or the other at that moment. Zwingle prudently recommended great caution and moderation. "God knows," he said
Article #58446
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
In proportion as the cause of the Reformation advanced, the rage of its adversaries increased. At a diet held at Lucerne, in the month of January, 1524, all the cantons were represented with the exception of Zurich and Schaffhausen. The clergy present endeavored to excite the council against the new
Article #58447
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
The council of Zurich had protested against the irregularity of its allies in the condemnation of a fellow citizen; but in place of listening to remonstrance, their persecuting zeal was evidently inflamed by the execution of Hottinger; for scarcely was the blood of that innocent man cold when the diet
Article #58448
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
"We can make no concessions," said the Zurichers, "in what concerns the word of God. For five years past we have been listening to the sacred instructions of our ministers: at first their doctrine did seem new to us, as we had heard nothing of the like before. But when
Article #58449
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
The appointed interval had elapsed, and as no reply was received from the Roman Catholic cantons, the council of Zurich determined to proceed in the work of Reformation. The decree for the demolition of images was passed in January, but the authorities were in no haste to have it executed.
Article #58450
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
Here, in the presence of such a mighty work of God's Spirit, it may be well to pause for a moment and contemplate the difference between the two great leaders of the Reformation, the character of their principles and action, and the consequent results. The difference has often arrested us,
Article #58451
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
Of the many innovations which were now introduced, none gave a greater scandal to the papal party than the marriage of the clergy. It was setting at defiance all ecclesiastical discipline, and by those who were naturally expected to be its guardians. To live, as if married, was overlooked, if
Article #58452
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
The Lord greatly blessed the labors of the Reformers in Zurich at this time, and stayed the cruel hand of their enemies. The word of the Lord had found its right place in their hearts, and, through them, in the hearts of the people. And God never fails to bless
Article #58453
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
Matters now began to assume a more alarming aspect. An event soon occurred which increased the misunderstanding of the confederates, and gave Rome the opportunity of showing with what weapons she was prepared to fight for the ancient faith.
Article #58454
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
The evil genius of Rome came to the assistance of Amberg. He saw that the minds of men were in that state of excitement which indicates a readiness for tumult and violence. This was his snare and a fatal one it proved. OExlin, a great friend of Zwingle's, and the
Article #58455
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
This was enough for the evil purposes of the adversary. The grand-bailiff, in giving an account to his government of the fatal event, blamed the inhabitants of Stein and Stamheim, and above all, the bailiff Writh and his sons, whom he accused of causing the tocsin to be sounded; of
Article #58456
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
These proceedings were communicated to the cantons then assembled at Baden, but they were not satisfied. Jezebel's thirst for blood had been whetted by having her prey so near her grasp, and she determined on lengthening her arm, and making it secure. Contrary to the established customs of the Confederation,
Article #58457
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
When the prisoners reached Baden, they were thrown into a dungeon. The form of an examination began the following day; the bailiff Writh was first brought in. The Catholics, acting upon their old motto, "that it is wrong to keep faith with heretics," immediately questioned the bailiff concerning the removal
Article #58458
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1524 A.D.): Chapter 42
Andrew Miller
At length those dreary four weeks passed away, and the deputies assembled to deliberate on the sentence. In solemn mockery of all justice, and with closed doors, the sentence of death was passed on the bailiff Writh; on his son John—who was the strongest in the faith, and who had
Article #58459
Book #
16069
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
The Reformation in Switzerland had now been baptized in blood—the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. The adversary of the gospel had done his work—his cruel work; but it made all men thoughtful. The violence of the blow was felt by all classes throughout Switzerland. The power of Rome was
Article #58460
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
On the 11th of April, 1525, the pastors, Zwingle, Leo Juda, and Engelhardt, accompanied by Megander, chaplain of the hospital, and Myconius, preacher in the abbey church, presented themselves before the council, and recommended the immediate abolition of the sacrifice of the altar. One advocate alone presented himself to defend
Article #58461
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
Zwingle, first of all, preached from the words, "It is the Lord's passover." After the conclusion of the sermon a table was covered with a white cloth, unleavened bread, and cups filled with wine, to recall the remembrance of the last supper of our Lord with His disciples. The minister
Article #58462
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
Berne was one of the most influential states in the confederation; it numbered many powerful friends of the gospel, and many formidable adversaries. For the first few years after the appearance of Luther and Zwingle, a strong opposition was manifested to the new opinions. Nowhere was the struggle likely to
Article #58463
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
A few months after this occurrence, the principles of the Reformation were greatly strengthened by the conversion of the nuns of Konigsfeldt. This was a wonderful triumph of the gospel. The monastery stood near the castle of Hapsburg, and was surrounded with all the magnificence of the Middle Ages. From
Article #58464
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
But although the principles of the Reformation were gaining ground rapidly, the Roman Catholic party was still very powerful and very active. A more decisive battle must be fought before victory can be declared.
Article #58465
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
Faber, Eck, and Murner, accompanied by prelates, magistrates, and doctors, robed in garments of silk and damask, and adorned with chains, rings, and crosses, repaired to the church. OEcolampadius and Haller, two quiet timid men, were the only Reformers who appeared in the discussion. The same dogmas which had been
Article #58466
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
The bishops of Constance, Basle, Zion, and Lausanne, together with all their most eminent theologians, were summoned to appear at this great conference, on pain of forfeiting such of their possessions as lay in the Bernese territory. They commanded all their own divines to be present, and stated that the
Article #58467
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
The Catholic party, apprehending the results of the conference, made great efforts to prevent it. They assembled at Lucerne, and strongly opposed the meeting, referring the Bernese to the disputation of Baden as having sufficiently decided the questions at issue. The Catholics of Germany also addressed a strong remonstrance to
Article #58468
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
On the 7th of January, 1528, the great conference was opened. None of the prelates, and very few of the higher powers who had been invited were present; yet a great number of ecclesiastics and learned men assembled from all parts of Switzerland and the surrounding countries. As many as
Article #58469
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
Four presidents were appointed; and, that everything might be recorded with unimpeachable fidelity, four secretaries were chosen—two by each of the two parties—and sworn to give a faithful account of the proceedings. The meeting took place in the church of the Franciscans, and lasted from the 7th till the 28th
Article #58470
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
The authorities proceeded immediately to act upon the advice of the presidents. The altars were removed from the churches, and the images were destroyed, yet without disorder or bloodshed. They published a decree, with the concurrence of the citizens, proclaiming the ten articles as the creed of all. They further,
Article #58471
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
How seldom it has been our lot to witness a great victory celebrated by acts of mercy! Alas! this is a new thing in Christendom. It has never been so in the reign of Jezebel. Her disobedient children have either been drowned in blood or consumed in fire. But the
Article #58472
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
According to all history, the triumphs of the gospel in Berne produced a most sensible effect on several cantons; but more especially on those where the Reformed doctrines had previously found an entrance. Indeed, some venture to say that all Switzerland was moved by the decided part which that powerful
Article #58473
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
For about six years, the gospel had been faithfully preached by the meek and pious OEcolampadius; but with all his scholarly accomplishments, he was wanting in decision and courage. It has been said by some, that what Melancthon was to the dogmatic Luther, OEcolampadius was to the prompt and courageous
Article #58474
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
On the night of the 25th of December, the partisans of the bishop, alarmed at the appearance of affairs, met under arms, and raised the cry that an Austrian army was coming to their aid. This was the first formal departure from the legal course. The Protestants hearing this terrible
Article #58475
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
While both parties were thus deliberating as to the future, an apparent accident speedily brought the whole matter to an issue. Those who had been appointed to patrol the streets, and to inspect all the posts in the city, entered the cathedral church of St. Peter. One of the men,
Article #58476
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
Everything was now changed in Basle. The leaders of the papal party, priests, scholars, and monks, prepared to leave it. Not however, from any fear of bodily harm, but from their dislike to the Protestant faith. Many of them were courteously entreated to remain; Erasmus especially-the most eminent person who
Article #58477
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1525 A.D. - 1529 A.D.): Chapter 43
Andrew Miller
About the period at which we have now arrived, one of the most grievous sources of discouragement to the Reformers, both in Germany and Switzerland, was the dispute which arose about the sacrament of the supper, commonly called the sacramentarian controversy. Luther, it will be remembered,* whom God used to
Article #58478
Book #
16070
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
The Reformation was now established in the three principal cantons, Zurich, Berne, and Basle. The example of these powerful states, greatly influenced a considerable part of German Switzerland. In many places the citizens, who had been inclined to the Reformation but were undecided, now boldly declared their faith in the
Article #58479
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
But here we must pause for a moment and draw attention to the great and common mistake of Protestantism from the beginning-that of looking to the secular arm for protection, in place of simply witnessing for the truth, and trusting in the living God. No sooner had the Reformers broken
Article #58480
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Influenced, or rather misled, as we believe, by his republican education, Zwingle thought it but right for the Reformers and the Reformation to form a league of self-defense. Having long foreseen that the Reform movement would eventually divide his beloved country into two camps, he thought himself perfectly justified in
Article #58481
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
The Roman Catholics, on hearing of this new alliance of the Protestants, were filled with alarm and indignation. The five, or forest cantons, Lucerne, Zug, Schweitz, Uri, and Unterwalden, remained firm in their fidelity to Rome. The herdsmen of those mountains, long wedded to their habits, their traditions, and their
Article #58482
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Thus war seemed inevitable. All things were tending to an open and immediate rupture. The men of the mountains became violent. In order to defend the religion of their fathers, and to exclude the new doctrines from their subjects, they began to fine, imprison, torture, and put to death the
Article #58483
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
The Zurichers, exasperated at this outrageous conduct, and regarding it as an affront to themselves, declared war against the five cantons. While it is the duty of the magistrates to defend the oppressed against the oppressor, it is the duty of the minister of Christ, to abide by his sacred
Article #58484
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Meanwhile the popish cantons were not idle. They knew what they had done, and what they had to expect. The war of religion was begun. The sound of the warhorn re-echoed in the mountains and the valleys: men were arming in every direction; messengers were sent off in haste to
Article #58485
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
The deputies of Zurich and of the Romanists, with the exertions of the neutral cantons, were sixteen days in drawing up and agreeing to the articles of peace. During this time the soldiers of both armies behaved in the most orderly and friendly manner. They seemed to remember only that
Article #58486
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Just at this time, when the mind of Zwingle was too much occupied with politics, he fell into the snare of the enemy. Satan knew his weak point as a Christian, and tempted him with grand ideas of the unity of all Switzerland, and of the Reformed Christendom, by a
Article #58487
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
The popish cantons, enraged at the progress of the Reformation, and its near approach to their own gates, were eager to find some pretext for ridding themselves of the treaty of Cappel. This was not difficult to find. They had never really kept it. What was called in the treaty
Article #58488
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Switzerland was now divided into two camps, and the gulf which separated them was daily widening. The Forest-cantons, backed by the Emperor of his brother Ferdinand, recommenced the persecution of the Protestants with more fury than ever. They indulged in the most atrocious barbarities. The preachers and the professors of
Article #58489
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
"Let us close our markets against the five cantons," said the Bernese, "let us refuse them corn, wine, salt, steel, and iron; we shall thus impart authority to the friends of peace among them, and innocent blood shall be spared." This resolution was adopted, duly published, and rigorously carried out.
Article #58490
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
As the part which Zwingle took in the political affairs of Zurich at this time, has been much criticized by historians, and, we think, severely so by D'Aubigne, we quote the opinion of Dean Waddington, who will not be suspected of any leaning towards republicanism.
Article #58491
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Several attempts were made at reconciliation, but without effect. Zurich and Berne demanded that the preaching of the word of God should be permitted, not only in the common parishes, but also in the five cantons. This was asking too much under the circumstances; and as they persisted in their
Article #58492
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
Zwingle was anxious, disquieted, and filled with the most painful forebodings as to the future. He saw the storm gathering on all sides. Those who had been his friends turned against him; his enemies, taking courage from the ebbing tide of affairs, beset and tormented him; for there were many
Article #58493
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
During the course of the negotiations the Forest-cantons remained intractable and warlike. Indeed the final proposals of the mediators would probably have been received by the Protestants, but they were decidedly rejected by the Catholics. Matters were now so much involved that war became inevitable. The preparations of the five
Article #58494
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
On the evening of the 9th, the council was called together by the assurance that war was begun. Only a small number assembled; and instead of sounding the tocsin, or calling the people to arms, they despatched two councilors to Cappel and Bremgarten to ascertain what was going on. "The
Article #58495
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
This dreadful night was to be followed by a still more dreadful day. The morning came, the tempest was past, but a bright dawn could not dispel the gloom that had settled in the hearts of the Zurichers. The sound of trumpets, and the beating of drums, were calling the
Article #58496
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
At noon, under the drooping banner of Zurich, only seven hundred passed through the gates. The affectionate Anna was seen on the ramparts following her husband with her eyes so long as he was visible. But she had also in that ill-omened army, a son, a brother, a great number
Article #58497
Book #
16071
Zwingle: Switzerland (1529 A.D. - 1531 A.D.): Chapter 44
Andrew Miller
The weakness manifested and the errors committed by the Zurich leaders, can only be accounted for on the principle of judicial blindness. They had gone far away from the narrow path of the word of God, and He was no longer with them. The church had become the state, and
Article #58498
Book #
16071
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
We have already traced the history of the Reformation in Germany from the year 1517, when Luther nailed his theses to the church door in Wittemberg, down to the year 1532, when the Emperor signed the treaty of peace at Ratisbon. The history of these fifteen years is certainly the
Article #58502
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
The great truth which the early Reformers preached -salvation by faith without works of human merit—spread with a rapidity resembling the light of heaven. In a short time it had traveled over the greater part of Europe. In the year 1530 Luther, writing to the Elector, speaks of his dominions
Article #58503
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
After the pacification of Ratisbon many, who had concealed their opinions, now came boldly forward and declared for the great truths of the Reformation. Princes, nobles, various regions and towns of Germany, year after year, professed without fear to have given up the old faith, and to have embraced the
Article #58504
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
Many of the names with which we have become familiar, and who have sustained a conspicuous part in the earlier history of the Reformation, are now passing off the stage of time. "Having discharged the offices assigned to them," says Dean Waddington, "they had proceeded on their fatal journey; and
Article #58505
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
The public testimony of Luther and his associates, may be said to have closed when they delivered the confession of Augsburg. The contest then, if not before, changed its character. It was no longer between excommunicated heretics bearing witness to the truth of God against the falsehoods of Rome; but
Article #58506
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
Early in the evening he began to complain of an oppression in the chest; but he was relieved by means of friction and warm applications. Feeling better, he left his room and joined the party at supper. "During this last meal he was sometimes playful, even jocular; sometimes profoundly serious-such
Article #58507
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
The Counts of Mansfeld would gladly have retained and interred the body of Luther in his native place, but they submitted to the wishes of the Elector, who directed it to be conveyed to Wittemberg. The body was then removed into the largest church at Eisleben. Great excitement prevailed. Jonas
Article #58508
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
To study and estimate the different characters which pass before us in history, contrasted in everything but their common design, and to trace with the eye of faith the overruling hand of God in all their works and ways, will be found both deeply interesting and highly profitable. It is
Article #58509
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
We need no voice from heaven to assure us of the Lord's watchful care over His servant Luther. He trusted in God, and his faith was not disappointed. There is no more wonderful instance of the preserving power of divine providence on the page of history. Its lessons are well
Article #58510
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
"Hitherto," says a competent critic, "the too common idea of the great Reformer's character has been, that it was a mere compound of violence and ruggedness. These features have been so prominent, that the finer lines of his portrait have been completely shaded from sight. The lion and the lamb
Article #58511
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
The marriage of Luther happening about a month after the death of his friend and patron, Frederick of Saxony, and while all Germany was bewailing the blood of her peasants, appeared to us so indiscreet, that we purposely left it out of our narrative. His usual impetuosity was strikingly manifested
Article #58512
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
On the 15th of June, Luther says, in a letter to Ruchel, "I have made the determination to cast off every shred of my former papistical life, and thus I have entered the state of matrimony, at the urgent solicitation of my father." His friend was wealthy, and while inviting
Article #58513
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
The union of Luther and Catherine, though without the raptures of a first affection, was no doubt a happy one. The Lord greatly blessed them. She seems to have been a woman of great modesty, with tender affections, and more than an ordinary share of good sense. She consoled him
Article #58514
Book #
16072
Luther: German Reformation (1532 A.D. - 1546 A.D.): Chapter 45
Andrew Miller
Before parting with the great Reformer, who has claimed so large a share of our attention in tracing the history of the church, we will bring under review the estimate formed of him by one of our most judicious writers-the historian of Charles V.; and also, Dean Waddington's review of
Article #58515
Book #
16072
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
For several years before the death of Luther, appearances were unfavorable to the peace and religious liberty of the Protestants. This led them, not so much to prayer and confidence in God as their shield and protector, but to strengthen the league of Smalcald, and prepare for war. They were
Article #58516
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
In December, 1545, after so many years of intrigue, dissimulation, and dispute, the long-promised council assembled at Trent, and continued its sittings till 1563.*
Article #58517
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
The Protestants, perceiving that the real object of the council was not to examine their demands, but to condemn their faith as heresy, and to draw them into collision with the Emperor, that he might decide the question with the sword, firmly rejected its decrees. At the same time they
Article #58518
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
The secret was now in many hands; the officers and the allies of Charles kept no such mysterious reserve, but spoke out plainly of his intentions. The pope, overflowing with joy, not doubting the issue of the enterprise, began to sing the war-song, as in the days of Innocent III.,
Article #58519
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
The more energetic of the confederates, soon after this, met at Ulm to give the necessary directions for their future proceedings. It was resolved that they should repel force by force and make vigorous preparations for war. They also determined, that having neglected too long to strengthen
Article #58520
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
As no foresight had been shown by the confederates to prevent the Spanish, Italian, and other troops, from joining the imperial army, the Emperor was enabled to send such a reinforcement to the garrison at Ratisbon, that the Protestants, relinquishing all hope of reducing the town, marched towards Ingoldstadt on
Article #58521
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
Maurice was the son of Henry, and succeeded his father in the government of that part of Saxony which belonged to the Albertine line. "This young prince, then only in his twentieth year, had, even at that early period, begun to discover the great talents which qualified him for acting
Article #58522
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
When the news of these rapid conquests reached the good Elector, he was filled with indignation and astonishment, and resolved at once to return home with his troops, for the defense of Saxony. He was most unwilling to withdraw, as he preferred the success of the common cause to the
Article #58523
Book #
16073
Germany (1545 A.D. - 1547 A.D.): Chapter 46
Andrew Miller
The Emperor's triumph was now complete. He was master of Germany. In taking possession of Wittemberg he visited the tomb of Luther. While silently gazing on the peaceful resting-place of the monk who had stirred up all Europe to mutiny, and defied both the papal and the imperial power, the
Article #58524
Book #
16073
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
The Emperor, now complete master of the position, and having subdued, as he thought, the independent and stubborn spirit of the Germans, held a diet at Augsburg, when he demanded of the Protestants to submit the decision of the religious dissensions which had arisen in Germany to the council of
Article #58525
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
This famous treatise contained a complete system of Roman theology; though expressed for the most part in "softest words, or in scriptural phrases, or in terms of studied ambiguity." Every doctrine peculiar to popery was retained; or, as Mr. Wylie sums it up, "The Interim taught, among other things, the
Article #58526
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
The Emperor, proud of his new scheme, and believing that he was on the high road to victory, and the consummation of his plans, proceeded to enforce the Interim. But to his great astonishment he found all parties declaiming against it with equal violence. The Protestants condemned it as a
Article #58527
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
It is deeply to be regretted that the Wittemberg divines did not testify more firmly for the truth, and against the popish scheme of the Interim. But the feeble Melancthon, partly through fear of Charles, and partly from his excessive complaisance towards persons of high rank, endeavored to steer a
Article #58528
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
The reception of the Interim in the different provinces depended entirely on the nearness or distance of the Emperor's power. Where his arm had not reached, it was openly resisted; where his power was felt, there was at least an outward compliance with it; but it was in the free
Article #58529
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
The period of their sufferings, or rather of their
purifying
was nearly accomplished, and the day of their deliverance was nigh at hand; though nothing was farther from the thoughts of the oppressor. He imagined that his victories were complete, his plans consummated, and that now he might rest
Article #58530
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
When Maurice's preparations were accomplished, he published a manifesto containing his reasons for taking arms against the Emperor, namely, that he might secure the Protestant religion, which was threatened with immediate destruction; that he might maintain the laws and constitution of the empire; that he might deliver the Landgrave of
Article #58531
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
It was now late in the evening. The night was dark, and the rain falling heavily; but danger was near, and nothing could save the Emperor but speedy flight. He had been suffering for some time from a severe attack of the gout, and was unable to escape on horseback.
Article #58532
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
On the 2nd of August, 1552, the famous treaty of Passau was concluded. By this treaty it was agreed that the Land-grave should be set at liberty, and conveyed in safety to his own dominions; that within six months, a diet should be held of all the states, to deliberate
Article #58533
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
On the cloister days of the Emperor we need not dwell. They were chiefly spent in light and mechanical amusements when relief from the gout permitted him. One of these was a kind of theatrical lamentation at his funeral before his death. He ordered his tomb to be erected in
Article #58534
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
The other lesson so plainly written on the foregoing pages is this-that God is a jealous God, and will not give His glory to another. He will have His work done by His own means and in His own way. No greater calamity could have befallen the Reformation than that
Article #58535
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
Before taking our leave, finally, of the reign of Charles V., we must just notice two memorable events which occurred during that reign, because of the relation they bore to the Reformation, and the great religious struggle which was then agitating all classes of society. We refer to the Council
Article #58536
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
The Society of the Jesuits, a religious order of the Romish church, was founded by Ignatius Loyola, the son of a Spanish nobleman, born in the year 1491 at Guipuzcoa, in the province of Biscay. In his youth he was employed as a page at the court of Ferdinand and
Article #58537
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
On the 15th of August 1534, being the festival of the assumption of the Virgin Mary, in one of the subterranean chapels of Montmartre, and after receiving the sacrament, they all took the usual vows of poverty and chastity; and then took a solemn oath to dedicate themselves to the
Article #58538
Book #
16074
Germany (1547 A.D. - 1552 A.D.): Chapter 47
Andrew Miller
Thus far we have trodden on ground over which the real character of the Jesuit does not appear-we have only had to do with vows intended to deceive; but were we to pursue their history, we should have to trace in every land the blood-stained footprints of the treacherous and
Article #58539
Book #
16074
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
The position of the German Empire, which had been chosen by divine providence as the scene of the early dawn and noonday glory of the Reformation, was most favorable; and more likely than any other nation, to affect by its revolutions, the general state of Europe. Germany was, we learn,
Article #58540
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
In connection with the reign of Louis the Pious, king of France, we have seen that the gospel was introduced among the Danes and Swedes as early as the ninth century. The indefatigable Ansgarius labored about forty years in those northern regions, and died in the year 865. * Other
Article #58541
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
In no country outside of Germany did the reforming opinions find so early an entrance as in the provinces of Italy. In this we see the hand of the Lord, and the
silver line
of His sovereign grace. But He had a people there, and they must be brought
Article #58542
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
In this remarkable providential way, the attention of the Italians had been directed to the Germans, and even to the great Reformer, who had taken part with Reuchlin. "Within two years from the time of his first appearance against indulgences his writings had found their way into Italy, where they
Article #58543
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
It was not until the year 1542 that the court of Rome became seriously alarmed at the progress of the Reformed doctrines. By this time they were widely spread in nearly every province of Italy. Some of the most attractive and brilliant preachers in that country had embraced the simple
Article #58544
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
Surely no truer testimony can be given to the reality and power of our religious convictions, than a readiness to leave our homes and all that is dear to us, in obedience to the word of God and the dictates of conscience. The very sight of a number of foreigners,
Article #58545
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
The term heresy, about the time of the Reformation, was held in the highest detestation by the Spanish nation. The loudest boast of the proud Spaniard was purity of blood. The poorest peasant looked upon it as a degradation to have a drop of Jewish or Moorish blood in his
Article #58546
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
Such was the greatness and glory of the Spanish nation when the new faith knocked at her gates for admission. But notwithstanding the national antipathy to the German Reformation, there were many serious and thoughtful men predisposed in its favor. The scandalous corruptions of the clergy and the cruel energies
Article #58547
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
It is difficult to conceive in our day, and in our land of civil and religious liberty, what could have induced the church, aided by the government, to persecute thousands of the choicest of her members, for a difference of opinion on some points of religion. By far the greater
Article #58549
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
For some time before the days of Luther, there had existed in the Netherlands a spirit of religious inquiry, and a calm but firm resistance to the domination of the Romish church. In the fifteenth century, a school of pious mystics, represented by such men as Thomas a Kempis, had
Article #58550
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
Such was the state of things in the hereditary dominions of Charles when he ascended the throne of Spain in 1519. Indeed, the movement which convulsed the whole of Germany, was early transmitted to all the other territories of the Emperor. Being a Catholic king, this fact was no doubt
Article #58551
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
The history of the Low Countries from this time is so full of martyrdoms, that it is like a gradual extermination of the population. Nevertheless the Spirit of God wrought wonderfully; and the holy courage which was shown by many, proved the Lord's presence with them in sustaining grace and
Article #58552
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
In 1566 most of the nobles, though generally Catholics, entered into an association to protect and defend the liberties of the country. The Protestants, trusting to a promise of toleration from Margaret, began to meet in great numbers in open day; and, being without places of worship they assembled in
Article #58553
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
But the cold-hearted bigot was not yet satisfied. A second invasion was arranged for exterminating the Reformed, tens of thousands though they were. In the year 1567 the cruel duke of Alva was sent into the Netherlands with an army of fifteen thousand Spaniards and Italians; and the Inquisition was
Article #58554
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
In the year 1567 “the council of blood” as it was called, held its first sitting. There are few readers who have not heard something of the infamous character of Alva. "Such an amount of ferocity," says Motley, "of patient vindictiveness and universal bloodthirstiness was never found in a savage
Article #58555
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
Under this universal condemnation the reader will see the real spirit of popery, and what all had to expect who did not yield an absolute, though blind submission, to all her idolatries and superstitions. Men in the highest and humblest positions were daily and hourly dragged to the stake. Alva,
Article #58556
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
For a number of years the Lord in mercy sheltered the infant church in Spain. The Christians were in the habit of coming together with great secrecy, and breaking bread in private houses. On no other principle could we account for the truth spreading, the disciples multiplying, and the church
Article #58548
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
The history of this long and deeply interesting struggle for liberty of conscience belongs to the civil historian. We will only add, that William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, or, as he was usually called, William "the silent," felt impelled to adopt more decisive measures to prevent the utter ruin
Article #58557
Book #
16075
Reformation in Europe (1520 A.D. - 1590 A.D.): Chapter 48
Andrew Miller
It is difficult to close this paper without drawing the reader's attention to the effects of bigotry, and a bigotry dignified by the name of religion, or zeal for the glory of God. We have seen what this Satanic delusion has done in the Netherlands, and also in many other
Article #58558
Book #
16075
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
In tracing the
silver line
of God's grace, in the operations of His Spirit, we are arrested by the different forms it takes in different countries. We have just left a land where the sky was reddened with the flames of martyrdom, and the earth soaked with the blood
Article #58559
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
After attending school for some time in Dauphiny, he obtained the permission of his parents to finish his education at the university of Paris-said to be the mother of all learning, the true light of the church which never knew eclipse. James Lefevre, doctor of Etaples, then the most renowned
Article #58560
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Having formed an intimate friendship with Bucer, Capito, OEcolampadius, and others, which death only interrupted, he was obliged to leave Basle on account of the hostility of the Roman Catholic clergy. He proceeded to Montbeliard, where he labored with so much zeal and success under the protection of the duke
Article #58561
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
But Farel had Geneva before him; he was working his way to what he considered the center of his operations. The Genevese had been contending for some time with the duke of Savoy, and their unprincipled bishop for political freedom. And in the struggle, Berthelier, Bonevard, and Levrier, names of
Article #58562
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
The subject of Farel's first sermon was the Holy Scriptures; he maintained that they were the only source of divine knowledge, and the only authority on earth to which the conscience of man was subjected. He denounced the traditions of the Fathers and the decrees of Councils as having no
Article #58563
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
In the December of 1533, Farel re-entered the gates of Geneva, determined not again to leave it till the Reformation had been consummated there. Peter Viret, of Orbe, arrived about the same time. Thus there were three of the most powerful preachers of that period in Geneva-Farel, Viret, and Froment.
Article #58564
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Many eyes, from all quarters, were now turned to the small town of Geneva. Clement VII. and Charles V. were anxiously watching the struggle; but God's purpose was to bless, and He overruled all these commotions for the accomplishment of His gracious object. After a great deal of menacing and
Article #58565
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Many of these secret machinations and impostures are too vile to be transferred to our pages; but one, which is more amusing than revolting, we may quote. A number of strange lights, or small flames of fire, would sometimes be seen moving about the churchyard at night, to the utter
Article #58566
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Lausanne and its territory are also to be included among the places in which the Reformation was now established. In popish times this was a city of great importance. It was the resort of pilgrims who flocked thither to pray before the image of Our Lady, and to purchase indulgences;
Article #58567
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
During the August of 1536, amongst the crowds of exiles who were daily arriving at the gates of Geneva, one presented himself, a Frenchman, a native of Picardy, young, being only in his twenty-eighth year, of slender figure, and pale face; he had come to rest for the night and
Article #58568
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
As the celebrated French Reformer is now established at Geneva, and will be henceforth the central figure in the great Reform movement, it will be interesting to the reader to know something of his early history. He was born at Noyon in Picardy, July 10th, 1509. His parents were of
Article #58569
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
It is with no small interest that we trace an intimate connection between the conversion of Calvin and the Sorbonne of Paris. Lefevre, as we have already seen, was the means of Farel's conversion. It now appears that another young man was listening to the lectures about the same time,
Article #58570
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
The divine light which now filled the soul of Calvin, showed him the midnight darkness of the church of Rome. That which once possessed to his mind the most dazzling splendor, the weight of antiquity, and which he believed to be the habitation of God and the very gate of
Article #58571
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
When at Bourges Calvin seems to have abandoned the study of the law, and turned again to the church as he now saw it in the holy scriptures. He applied himself to the study of the Greek language, and also to Hebrew and Syriac, in order to the better understanding
Article #58572
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Calvin was already occupied with his great work on the christian religion, and may have collected some of his materials from Du Tillet's library. But being in peril of his life, he removed to Basle, the city of refuge for the French exiles at that time. Here he completed and
Article #58573
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
The Reformed ministers, as might have been expected, were soon involved in stormy contests with their congregations. They were evidently mistaken in seeking to bind a people, who had been accustomed to live according to their own pleasure, to so rigid a system, without sufficient moral training and preparation of
Article #58574
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Calvin proceeded to Basle and thence to Strasburg, to which he had been earnestly invited by the pastors of that city, Bucer and Capito. He was immediately appointed a professor of divinity, and pastor of a congregation composed of French refugees. Nothing could speak more solemnly of the fierceness of
Article #58575
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
But while Calvin was thus happily employed at Strasburg, everything was falling into great disorder, both political and religious on the banks of the Leman. The libertines, Anabaptists, and papists, now that the stern Reformers were gone, became riotous and ungovernable, while some of the magistrates, who had made themselves
Article #58576
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
The condemnation and death of Michael Servetus, the arch-heretic, at Geneva, have always been spoken of, both by Romish and Protestant writers, as a deep stain on the otherwise unsullied reputation of the great Reformer. But, in judging of Calvin's connection with this melancholy affair, we must bear in mind
Article #58577
Book #
16076
Reformation in French Switzerland (1489 A.D. - 1564 A.D.): Chapter 49
Andrew Miller
Michael Servetus was a Spaniard, born in the same year with Calvin; of an active, vigorous mind; capable of applying himself to various pursuits; but, unfortunately, too speculative in divine things. He had studied medicine, law, and theology; in the latter, he was led away by a daring, self-confident spirit,
Article #58578
Book #
16076
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
The history of the Reformation in France awakens, as we approach it, the most mingled feelings. The wonderful progress of the truth in that gay, frivolous, and dissolute kingdom, creates the deepest interest, gratitude, and admiration, while the enemies' opposition and triumph fill the heart with deepest sorrow. It was
Article #58582
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
Meaux was the first city in France that heard the doctrines of the Reformation publicly expounded, and where the first-fruits of the gospel were gathered. About twenty-five miles east of Paris, and not far distant from the then Flemish frontier; it was a place full of working people-mechanics, wool-carders, fullers,
Article #58583
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
Many of the eminent men who composed the court of Francis at this time, and who enjoy the confidence of the king, were favorably disposed towards the doctrines of Lefevre and the bishop. They were literary men whom Francis and Margaret had already encouraged arid protected from the attacks of
Article #58584
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
The courtly bishop was a constant and welcome guest at the palace. It was there he put the Bible into the hands of Margaret; and the friendship he enjoyed with Francis gave him many opportunities of spreading the new doctrines among the philosophers and scholars whom that monarch loved to
Article #58585
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
Like our English Wycliffe, the aged Lefevre greatly desired that every man in France should have the privilege of reading the holy scriptures in his mother tongue. For this he labored, and with the assistance of Brissonnet, the four Gospels in French were published in October, 1522; the remaining books
Article #58586
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
These simple people soon became better instructed than their former teachers, the Franciscan monks. Christianity had taken the place of superstition, and the word of God had revealed Christ to their souls as the sun and center of divine light. They now saw that praying to the saints is idolatry;
Article #58587
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
We must now look at the other side of the picture. If the young flock of Meaux was peacefully feeding on the green pastures under the bishop's care, the monks, who cared little for the green pastures of the gospel, were losing their influence and their revenues, and the begging
Article #58588
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
As regent, she proposed the following question to the Sorbonne: "By what means can the damnable doctrines of Luther be chased and extirpated from this most christian kingdom?" The answer was brief, but emphatic-"By the stake." And it was added, that if the remedy was not soon put in force,
Article #58589
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
Brissonnet fallen, Lefevre and his friends compelled to flee, the Reformed church at Meaux dispersed, the monks again in the pulpits; this was a beginning of victory! But Rome was not satisfied, and never was, without the blood of the saints. "The sacerdotal and the civil power, the Sorbonne and
Article #58590
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
The branded heretic was suspected. Death, death to the impious wretch was the cry; and all returned in haste and disorder to Metz. Leclerc was seized. He admitted his crime, and prayed the deluded people to worship God only. When led before his judges, he boldly confessed his faith in
Article #58591
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
It is difficult to leave the ashes of Leclerc without a mournful thought of the poor bishop. If Leclerc is to be condemned for his indiscretion, he must be admired for his courage. But what of Brissonnet? Having many friends at court, he saved his miter, his palace, and his
Article #58592
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
One of the most illustrious victims of those early times was Louis Berquin, a gentleman of Artois, and an officer of the king's body-guard. "He would have been another Luther for France," says Beza, "if he had found in Francis another Elector of Saxony." Unlike the knights of his time,
Article #58593
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
A commission of twelve, delegated by the parliament, condemned him to make a public abjuration, then remain in prison without books, pen or paper, for the rest of his life, after having had his tongue pierced with a hot iron. "I appeal to the king," exclaimed Berquin. "If you do
Article #58594
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
The two examples of martyrdom which we have given-one from the humbler and one from the higher ranks of life-may be considered as types of a vast crowd of others. Our limited space prevents us from recording the patient sufferings and the triumphant death of many noble witnesses for Christ.
Article #58595
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
At length the evangelical protest was written. Farel has been commonly credited with the authorship. Historians vie with each other in describing the violence of its style. "Indignation guided his daring pen," says one. "It was a torrent of scathing fire;" says another. "It was a thunderbolt, fierce, terrific, and
Article #58596
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
The trial of the Lutherans was soon over, and the executions began. An expiation was required for the purification of France, and the heretics must be offered in sacrifice. The burning piles were distributed over all the quarters of Paris and the executions followed on successive days. Millon was the
Article #58597
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
On the 21st of January, 1535, the "peace offering" procession marched through the most public streets of Paris in gloomy majesty, and striking awe into the hearts of all beholders. The houses along the line of procession were hung with mourning drapery. All the religious orders of Paris took part
Article #58598
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1512 A.D. - 1549 A.D.): Chapter 50
Andrew Miller
The epoch of persecution and martyrdom was now solemnly inaugurated in France. The 21st of January must be a date of evil omen in that land of revolutions. Two hundred and fifty-eight years after Francis had devoted to death the humble followers of Christ, one of the simplest and most
Article #58599
Book #
16077
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
Towards the end of the reign of Francis, and under that of his son, Henry II., the Reform movement made such rapid progress, that it becomes utterly impossible in our "Short Papers" to follow it in all its details. We can do little more than give a mere outline of
Article #58600
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
Francis I. died in 1547, and was succeeded by his son, Henry II., the husband of the notorious Catherine de Medici, who, like Jezebel of old, was well fitted and inclined to stir him up to persecute the Naboths, and take possession of their vineyards. And this was actually done
Article #58601
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
The death of the king did not release the prisoners. Du Borg heard his sentence read without a change of countenance. As a criminal of the deepest dye, his execution was reserved for the Christmas holidays, December, 1559. "I am a Christian; yes, I am a Christian;" he said, "and
Article #58602
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
It was in the year 1555, that the first avowed French church on Reformed principles was established at Paris. Forty years had passed away since Lefevre first preached the gospel in the university; during which time we have met with many noble disciples, confessors, and martyrs, but no public congregations.
Article #58603
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
The new King, Francis II., was about sixteen years old when he ascended the throne. He is represented as a sickly boy, feeble in body and mind; and his wife, Mary Stuart of Scotland, a thoughtless beauty, spending her time in pleasure, was about the same age. Thus was monarchy
Article #58604
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
The Italian mother, having thus become supreme in the kingdom, began to mature her plans for stamping out heresy in the dominions of her son. Possessed in an eminent degree of the family arts of dissimulation and concealment, she pursued, with steadiness of purpose and recklessness of means, the object
Article #58605
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
The next question was, How is it to be accomplished? The chiefs of the Reformed were in the provinces. It was necessary to draw them out and concentrate them, in order to get them into their power. The perfidious Charles, who was now committed to the plot, pretended an earnest
Article #58606
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
At last Jeanne d'Albret gave her consent to the marriage, and visited the court at Blois in March, 1572; but leaving her son behind her from a lingering feeling of distrust. The king and the queen-mother caressed her with much apparent tenderness; especially the king, who called her his great
Article #58607
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
Meanwhile the day fixed for the general massacre drew near. Between two and three o'clock in the morning of the 24th of August-the feast of St. Bartholomew-as the king sat in his chamber with his mother and the duke of Anjou, the great bell of St. Germain rang to early
Article #58608
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
The whole number that perished in the massacre cannot be accurately ascertained. The victims in Paris were probably from three to four thousand. Brantome says that Charles IX might have seen four thousand bodies floating down the Seine. "There is to be found," says Wylie, "in the account-books of the
Article #58609
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
So wonderfully had the Spirit of God wrought in France by means of the truth, that when men expected to see only the ruins of the crushed Huguenots after the massacre, they were surprised to find them resolved in many parts of the country to offer a determined resistance to
Article #58610
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
At the famous Council of Trent, which met in 1545, and continued its sittings till 1563, during which the events we have rapidly described were in progress, the laws of the Roman Catholic church were more accurately defined, and measures were devised for the more effectual suppression of heresy. Their
Article #58611
Book #
16078
Reformation in France (1547 A.D. - 1572 A.D.): Chapter 51
Andrew Miller
Pope Pius IV. issued a brief summary of the doctrinal decisions of the council, which is called by his name, and has ever since been regarded as an authoritative summary of the Catholic faith.
Article #58612
Book #
16078
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
Having brought down the history of this interesting people to the year 1560, when they suffered so severely in their own valleys, and on the plains of Calabria, we shall now briefly notice their history from that period. Yet we must not expect to find in this remarkable people the
Article #58613
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
The brief periods of apparent peace which the Waldenses sometimes enjoyed, were by no means intervals of security and repose; but rather, of painful reflection and fearful anticipation. True peace, with security as to their persons, their property, and liberty of conscience-the inalienable rights of man, they knew not for
Article #58614
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
"Had the persecution ended here," says Mr. Hugh Acland, "humanity would yet have been saved from an indelible stain. The marquess of Pianessa entered the valleys at the head of fifteen thousand men; the consequent massacre is too horrible for detailed narration." Only a part of the Waldenses had suffered
Article #58615
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
During this terrible persecution which carried fire and sword into so many of the valleys, Rora had its full proportion of calamity; but it called forth one of those ardent spirits which from time to time God raises up to exhibit those virtues which are seldom brought into action but
Article #58616
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
The village of Rora is now in the hands of the pope's soldiers, who, meeting with little resistance, abandoned themselves to the work of destruction. The inhabitants consisted of old men, women and children; the effective members of the community were now expanding their patriotic efforts on the frontier. A
Article #58617
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
The Protestant states of Europe were horror-struck when they heard of these massacres. But nowhere did the cry from the valleys awaken a deeper sympathy, or draw forth a stronger expression of indignation, than in England. "Cromwell, who was then at the head of the state, proclaimed a fast, ordered
Article #58618
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
The peace which followed the great massacre of 1655 lasted about thirty years; but history speaks of this period as rest only, when contrasted with the storms that preceded it. The Catholics still found many ways in which to annoy and oppress those whom they could neither conquer nor convert.
Article #58619
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
Thus the inhabitants of the valleys struggled on until the year 1686, when a fresh war broke out under the sovereignty of Victor Amadeus II., but chiefly through the influence of Louis XIV. of France. When joined by the French auxiliaries, the united force amounted to between fifteen and twenty
Article #58620
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
About the middle of December the survivors of this way-worn band arrived at the gates of Geneva; but so exhausted, that several of them died between the outer and the inner gates of the city, "finding," as one has said, "the end of their life at the beginning of their
Article #58621
Book #
16079
Waldenses (1560 A.D. - 1689 A.D.): Chapter 52
Andrew Miller
At length, however, many circumstances combined to lead the Vaudois to believe that the hand of the Lord was opening the way for their return. Their place of appointed rendezvous was a large forest, in the Pays du Vaud, near the town of Neon, on the northern shore of the
Article #58622
Book #
16079
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Although we can scarcely speak of a Reformation in Ireland, we may briefly notice the changes in her ecclesiastical history. The connection of Ireland with the crown of England originated, as we have already seen,* in a compact with Henry II., Pope Adrian IV., and the Irish prelates of the
Article #58623
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
When Henry had secured the cordial compliance of his English subjects with the principles of the Reformation, he resolved to obtain, if possible, a like reception for the new doctrines in Ireland also; but to his deep mortification, his proposal was treated with the greatest indifference and neglect. The advocates
Article #58624
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
The act of supremacy, which was passed in 1537, was followed in 1542 by another to recognize the sovereign as
king
of Ireland, instead of lord. Hitherto the only title which the pope had allowed the sovereigns of England to assume was the subordinate one of lord; but this
Article #58625
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Having said thus much about the establishment of episcopacy in Ireland, we must briefly notice the origin of Presbyterianism in that country.
Article #58626
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Having already noticed the religious condition of Scotland from the earliest times down to the dawn of the Reformation,* we may commence our present sketch with the
effects
of that great revolution on the people of that country; but we must retrace our steps for a moment, and renew
Article #58627
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
As early as the year 1526, the doctrines of the Reformation had made considerable progress in Scotland. Vessels from the continent were arriving at Aberdeen, Montrose, Dundee, and Leith, bringing fresh tidings of the progress of Protestantism, and secretly discharging packages of pamphlets and sermons of the Reformers. In this
Article #58628
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Few martyrdoms have had such a place in the human mind as Patrick Hamilton's. His youth, his accomplishments, his refinement, his learning, his blameless life, his noble and gentle spirit, all united to make him an object of universal pity. But he was guilty of Rome's unpardonable sin. On him
Article #58629
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
At noon, on the last day of February, 1528, the noble confessor stood before the pile. He uncovered his head, and, lifting up his eyes to heaven, remained motionless for some time in prayer. He then turned to his friends, and handed to one of them his copy of the
Article #58630
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
It is a remarkable feature of the Scottish Reformation that it began among the clergy, and was early embraced by the nobility and landed gentry. Almost all her first martyrs and confessors were monks or parish priests. Alesius, canon of St. Augustine at St. Andrew's, was brought to the knowledge
Article #58631
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Strict inquisition was now made after heretics. The flames of persecution were kindled in all quarters of the country. From the year 1534, when Straiton and Gourlay were burned, till the year 1538, the spirit of persecution had greatly subsided, and the number of those who confessed Christ as their
Article #58632
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
The circumstances of the Scottish king, James V., about this period were peculiar and embarrassing. He was overwhelmed with sorrow at the loss of his only children, Arthur and James; he was in debt, and much in need of money; he had offended his uncle, Henry VIII. of England, by
Article #58633
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Henry VIII. had been at great pains to bring about a personal interview with James; and had obtained a promise that he should meet him at York. Henry arrived according to appointment, and remained there during six days, but no James appeared. The priests, dreading Henry's influence with James on
Article #58634
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
In the month of March, 1543, an important step was taken by the parliament toward the Reformation of the church, by making it lawful for every subject in the realm to read the holy scriptures in his mother tongue. Lord Maxwell, who brought the matter before the lords of the
Article #58635
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
In the summer of 1544, shortly after Scotland had received the inestimable blessing of a free Bible, one of the most remarkable characters we meet with in ecclesiastical history, appeared on the troubled scene. We refer to George Wishart. He was the son of Sir James Wishart of Pitarrow, an
Article #58636
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Not long after Wishart had been driven from Dundee, the plague entered the town. Hearing of this, with great devotedness, he hurried thither, was unwearied in preaching the gospel, visiting the sick, and seeking to prepare the dying for death. Those who were plague-stricken were kept outside the east gate,
Article #58637
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
Meantime Beaton had come to Edinburgh; and, hearing that Wishart was in the neighborhood, resolved upon his instant apprehension. At midnight, Ormiston House was surrounded by a troop of cavalry, under the command of the earl of Bothwell, who demanded Wishart. But neither promises nor threatenings could induce the laird
Article #58638
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
The death of Wishart produced a powerful impression all over Scotland, and excited feelings of the most diverse character. Churchmen extolled Beaton as the great champion of Rome, and the defender of the priesthood. Piety wept over the ashes of the martyr without a thought of revenge. But there were
Article #58639
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
The murder of the cardinal-primate was followed by results the most important. It removed from the head of affairs the most powerful and unscrupulous enemy of the Reformation, and the greatest defender of Romanism in Scotland. Like Wolsey, he was all but a king. His government was characterized by political
Article #58640
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
The vacant see of St. Andrew's was soon filled by John Hamilton, abbot of Paisley, and brother to the regent. But although he did not equal his predecessor in vigor of mind, he equaled him in the unrelenting zeal with which he pursued all who favored the Reformation; so that
Article #58641
Book #
16080
Ireland - Scotland (1526 A.D. - 1560 A.D.): Chapter 53
Andrew Miller
The Reformer was no doubt warmly welcomed by the party inside the castle, and earnestly entreated to become one of their preachers. These solicitations he steadfastly resisted, "alleging that he could not run where God had not sent him." When he received a unanimous invitation from the whole congregation, and
Article #58642
Book #
16080
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
From the times of Wycliffe, the great English Reformer, the Lord preserved a remnant in England, who witnessed for the truth, and who testified against the doctrines and superstitions of Rome. We found many of the descendants of the Lollards, or followers of Wycliffe, in the western districts of Scotland,
Article #58650
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
Although the clergy had been unfortunate in the affair of Hun, and exposed themselves to shame and reproach, they were by no means discouraged in their cruel course of persecution. There were many sufferers and martyrs about this time, according to our English martyrologist.
Article #58651
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
From the rival claims of York and Lancaster the succession to the English throne had been a matter of fierce contention for many years. The struggle of the opposing factions amongst the nobility, known in history by the term, "The Wars of the Roses," broke out about the time when
Article #58652
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
Just as everything seemed tending to the rapid advancement of the Reformation, a powerful priest, Thomas Wolsey, appeared on the scene, who, for a time, hindered its progress.
Article #58653
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
The elevation of such a prince of Rome, who was now to take a share in domestic and foreign politics, even greater than that of Henry himself, could not be favorable to the Reformation. The priests, emboldened by this display of papal power, determined to make a stand against the
Article #58654
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
At the very time when God's Spirit was working so manifestly in the universities, the writings of Luther had entered the kingdom and were being widely circulated among the people. The noble stand which the monk had made at the Diet of Worms was much talked of, and awakened a
Article #58655
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
When the writings of Luther were commanding such general attention, the king stood forward as the champion of the church in the character of a polemic. Henry was at this time a bigoted enemy to the principles of the Reformation, and greatly incensed against Luther for treating with contempt his
Article #58656
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
It is not difficult to discern, at this moment, the overruling hand of a divine providence in the marvelous changes which were taking place, and how little man at his best estate is to be trusted. The same gallant Henry that showed so much zeal for the Roman See, and
Article #58657
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
The king, very prudently, demanded and obtained the sanction of the higher clergy to the great changes he was introducing into the ecclesiastical constitution of England. The bishops were greatly embarrassed. "If we recognize the king as supreme head of the church in England," said they, "we overthrow the pope."
Article #58658
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
Henry had been excommunicated by the pope; his subjects absolved from their allegiance; Charles V. might invade his kingdom, and avenge the cause of his royal aunt, Catherine: and should there be a popish rebellion, the whole fraternity of monks would flock to the standard of revolt. The king was
Article #58659
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
But, notwithstanding this apparent Reformation, Henry was a thorough Romanist at heart. He maintained the doctrines of Rome, while he abolished the authority of the Roman pontiff in his kingdom. Under the influence of Gardiner and Bonner, two bigoted papists, six articles were enacted by the king and his parliament,
Article #58660
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
There are writers, we know, who ascribe the Reformation in England to the enactments of the king; but we think this a great mistake. That mighty movement flowed from a purer source than the murderous heart of Henry. Besides, he was a Romanist to the end of his days; and
Article #58661
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
On the death of Henry, in 1547, the English Reformation assumed an entirely different aspect. Edward VI., the child of Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour, was acknowledged king of England, January 28, 1547, when only nine years old. His coronation took place in February, when the friends of the gospel
Article #58662
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
The Princess Mary ascended the throne in July, 1553. She inherited from her mother, Catherine of Arragon, a determined hatred of the Protestant religion, and a strong attachment to the Roman Catholic faith. Her first acts were to repeal the laws of her father and brother in favor of Reform
Article #58663
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
Having been examined by the queen's commissioners at Oxford on the charge of heresy, they were condemned to be burnt as obstinate heretics. They were old, learned, and greatly esteemed as ministers of Christ; Latimer was eighty-four, and had been one of the most eloquent preachers in England. They were
Article #58664
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1509 A.D. - 1558 A.D.): Chapter 54
Andrew Miller
Sermon being ended, Dr. Cole asked him to clear himself of all suspicion of heresy, by making a public confession. "I will do so," said Cranmer, "and that with a good will." He rose up, and addressed the vast concourse, declaring his abhorrence of the Romish doctrines, and expressing his
Article #58665
Book #
16081
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
In 1558 the princess Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, ascended the throne in the twenty-fifth year of her age. Her accession changed everything. The terrible gloom which the reign of the "bloody Mary" had spread over the land instantly passed away. Every steeple in town and country sent forth its
Article #58666
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
"Among the first," says Marsden, "who introduced into England the controversy which soon afterward ripened into Puritanism, was the martyr, bishop Hooper. He had lived some time abroad, and was the friend of Bullinger and Gualter-the two leaders of the Protestant cause in Germany and Switzerland. Returning from his exile
Article #58667
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
After the restoration of Charles II. prelacy was restored with all its popish ceremonials. On May 19, 1662, the following act was passed: "That all who had not received episcopal ordination should be re-ordained by bishops. That every minister should, on or before the 24th of August following, declare his
Article #58668
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
A national convention was summoned, the throne was declared vacant by the abdication of James, and the crown was settled on the Prince and Princess of Orange. "This was the triumph," says Wylie, "not of English Protestantism only; it was the triumph of the Protestantism of all Christendom.... It was
Article #58669
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
The reign of William is especially worthy of our notice, because he placed the throne of the United Kingdom on a thoroughly Protestant foundation. It was provided in the Bill of Rights, "not only that every person in communion with the church of Rome, or marrying a papist, shall forever
Article #58670
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
The church of Scotland in her early days allowed no latitude of belief within her pale. We speak of what she was, not alas! of what has disturbed her communion of late years. Her creed descends to the minutest particulars, and the slightest deviation from it was immediately canvassed and
Article #58671
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
In England, things were in a very low condition in the establishment, as they were in Scotland. There had been a great reaction since the time of the Puritans. The people had thrown off the restraints of Puritanism, or, rather, of Christianity, and returned to their games and pleasures. They
Article #58672
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
Just about this time, a young man from Gloucester-as earnest and sincere as themselves, joined the little community-George Whitefield. He was descended from a respectable family; but his father, who was a wine merchant, ultimately kept the Bell Inn at Gloucester. There the future great preacher was born in 1714.
Article #58673
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
The eighteenth century was the period of great awakenings and great revivals in different countries and of a different character in each place. In the spring of 1742 strange symptoms of a religious revival began to appear to Cambuslang, in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Mr. McCulloch, the parish minister, is spoken of
Article #58674
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
It is generally known that the vast operations of the Sunday-school system, which have been so beneficial in their results for nearly a hundred years, commenced with a young man in Gloucester. Robert Raikes, the founder of Sunday schools, was born in 1735. His father was a printer, and conductor
Article #58675
Book #
16082
Reformation in England (1558 A.D. - 1800 A.D.): Chapter 55
Andrew Miller
At the Reformation in the sixteenth century, as we have already seen, the light of the gospel spread rapidly among the nations of Europe; and many at that time, fired with a holy zeal for the wider spread of the truth, sent missionaries to foreign parts. Among the first of
Article #58676
Book #
16082
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
In looking over the general course of the churches we find in Ephesus, declension; in Smyrna, persecution; in Pergamos, worldliness; in Thyatira, corruption; in Sardis, deadness; in Philadelphia we find the blessed Lord comforting a faithful remnant without characterizing their works, though well He knew them. He speaks not here,
Article #58677
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
It is not without a measure of reluctance that we turn away from a picture so beautiful to look on one so painful. Laodicea is a perfect contrast to Philadelphia. In the latter, the Lord is seen as waiting on His feeble but faithful ones with the key of David,
Article #58678
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
The study of prophetic truth was greatly revived in the early part of this century. In the year 1821 a short treatise, entitled "The Latter Rain," by the Rev. Lewis Way, made its appearance. The main object of the writer is to prove from scripture the restoration of Israel, and
Article #58679
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Just about this time the Spirit of God was evidently working in many minds, and in different parts of the country, and awakening many of His children to the importance, not only of prophetic truth, but of what He has revealed in His word respecting the church as the body
Article #58680
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
In the winter of 1827-8, four christian men who had for some time been exercised as to the condition of the entire professing church, agreed to come together on Lord's day mornings, for worship and communion in the breaking of bread, according to the word of the Lord; namely, Mr.
Article #58681
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Here we have something most definite and positive as to their principles and starting-point: something more to be relied upon than general report or personal recollections.
Article #58682
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
The effect of these statements-so plain and scriptural-was immediate and great. They found an echo in many a heart. Earnest Christians, feeling and mourning over the low condition of the churches, welcomed the truth thus brought before them. Many left their respective denominations, and joined the new movement. The numbers
Article #58683
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Mr. Darby, who seems from the first to have had a love for traveling, or rather for carrying the truth from place to place, soon after the formation of the meeting in Fitz-William Square, set out on his mission; and in a truly apostolic spirit he has steadily gone on
Article #58684
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Their first public meeting-place in Plymouth was called "Providence Chapel," and, as they refused to give themselves any name, they were only known as "Providence people." But when the brothers began to go outside the town and preach the gospel in the villages-then a rare thing-they were spoken of as
Article #58685
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Soon after the year 1845, when the numbers at Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse had reached about a thousand souls, troubles arose which caused the first breach among the Brethren; but it was not until 1848 that what had been strongly suspected by some came to the light and brought matters
Article #58686
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
On this point the Brethren divided. The one part maintained, that, on the principle of the one body, a person coming from a meeting where false doctrine was known to be held, is tainted, though personally sound; and that in receiving one member of the community all are received. This
Article #58687
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
This large and influential section of the Scottish church was organized into a religious denomination, distinct from the Establishment, in the year 1843. The conflict between the "Evangelicals" and the "Moderates," which at length terminated in this great division, was chiefly on the long vexed question of patronage.
Article #58688
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
All hope of a pacific arrangement on the part of the government being now at an end, the momentous event, which many had for some time been dreading, seemed unavoidable. From the high and independent position which Dr. Chalmers and his followers had taken, they could not in honor draw
Article #58689
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
The great awakening in 1859, which filled so many lands with the blessed fruits of salvation, being still fresh in many minds, we need do little more than notice its humble beginnings. It has been a point of special interest to us all through our history to know the beginning
Article #58690
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
In September, 1857, a city missionary in New York, observing that masons and other workmen had some time for rest during their dinner hour, proposed to speak to them about the things of the Lord. The men being agreeable, they gathered around the missionary for about fifteen or twenty minutes.
Article #58691
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
In the same month of the same year, as if by concert, four young men, near Connor, county Antrim, were led by the same blessed Spirit to commence what was termed "The Believers' Fellowship Meeting." One main object of these young men, in connection with this meeting, was to pray
Article #58692
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Just about this time, a request was sent out by some missionaries in Lodiana, calling upon all Christendom to set apart the second week in January, 1860, as a week of prayer. The call was much talked of, and when the time came, it was most heartily responded to by
Article #58693
Book #
16083
England (1800 A.D. - 1860 A.D.): Chapter 56
Andrew Miller
Such alas! is the condition of what man and the world call the church at the close of our history. "The falling away" has commenced; "the strong delusion" may have set in; the coming of the Lord draweth nigh. The Christian, in these last and closing days, is only safe
Article #58694
Book #
16083